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Disorders of Cell Growth Cancer Oncology • Study of cancer • 25% of Americans develop cancer at some point in life Nature of cancer cells • Normal cells that have a permanent CHANGE in them • Cancer cells perpetuate themselves • Lose normal growth regulation Characteristics of cancer cells Cancer Cells • Lack of contact inhibition. Cancer cells lack this and continue growing even if they have contact with neighboring cells • Tumor – Growth e.g. adenoma • Neoplasia – “new” growth Cancer cells • Invade and infiltrate normal cells • Lack of differentiation – Abnormal size & shape – Abnormal nucleus Normal cells have differentiation Cancer cells • Loss of normal functions • Divert more blood vessels for themselves for more nutrients Malignancy • Detachment and spreading • Metastasis – cancer cells can detach and spread. Typically they spread via the bloodstream or via lymph vessels Cancer cells • Benign = “innocent” These tumors do not metastasize • Malignant = Cancer. These do metastasize Causes of Cancer • Predisposing factors increase the likelihood of developing cancer • Increase in cell number • Disordered cell proliferation • Chronic irritation resulting in changed cells • Stressors suppressing the immune system • Hereditary predisposition Initiation • DNA mutation • Not repaired • Changing of a normal cell to an abnormal cell Promotion • Providing an environment for uncontrollable growth • Encourages growth Carcinogens • Agents that initiate or promote abnormal cells and their growth • 85% of all carcinogens are environmental Progression • Abnormal cells become malignant Immune System • Our immune system is constantly spotting abnormal cells • Our immune system can recognize more than 10 million different cancer antigens Treatments • • • • Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Danger Signals of Cancer • • • • • • • Bleeding, discharge Lumps, thickening Non-healing sores Bowel or urinary changes Hoarseness or cough Mole or wart change Difficulty swallowing/ indigestion Breast lump Avoidance • • • • • • • 75% cancer deaths are related to lifestyle Avoid direct sunlight Low fat diet Quit smoking Increase roughage in diet Fresh fruits & vegetables Early detection Types of Cancer • Carcinoma – Cancer of the epithelial tissue • Sarcoma – Cancer of connective tissue • Leukemia – Cancer of blood • Lymphoma – Cancer of Lymph tissue
