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What are Psychological Disorders? Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life Identifying Psychological Disorders Difficult Defining what is “normal” and “abnormal” is difficult Those with psych. disorders don’t usually differ much from “normal” people Main difference is exaggeration of certain behaviors or mental processes Symptoms of Psychological Disorders Typicality: untypical behavior Maladaptivity: interferes with normal life Emotional Discomfort Socially Unacceptable Behavior: violates a society’s accepted norms may also be indication of psych. disorder Cultural context of behavior must be taken into account Culture-bound syndromes: clusters of symptoms that define/describe an illness (ex in book) Classifying Psychological Disorders DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Recognizes 18 different categories of psychological disorders Categorized by observable signs Subject to ongoing revision (newest version released May 2013) Anxiety Disorders Anxiety: apprehensive for long periods of time Nervousness, inability to relax, and concern about losing control Physical symptoms: trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, increased blood pressure, flushed face, and feelings of faintness/light-headedness Feelings happens all/most of the time Among the most common disorders in the USA Types of Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorder Simple Phobia: persistent excessive/irrational fear of a particular object/situation Social Phobia: persistent fear of social situations in which one might be exposed to the close scrutiny of others and thus be observed doing something embarrassing or humiliating Systematic Desensitization: common treatment Panic Disorder: recurring and unexpected panic attacks Panic attack: relatively short period of intense fear/discomfort, shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, trembling or shaking, sweating, choking, nausea that lasts few minutes to few hours Usually have fear of another attack Agorophobia: fear of being in places/situations in which escape may be difficult/impossible Afraid of crowded places Most have panic attacks when they can’t avoid situations they fear Generalized Anxiety Disorder: excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for at least 6 mos Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Obsessions: thoughts, ideas, mental images that occur over and over again Compulsions: repetitive ritual behaviors, often involving checking or cleaning something Ex: washing windows in house daily Stress Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by an experience so traumatic that it would produce stress in almost anyone Flashbacks, nightmares/unwelcome thoughts, numbness of feeling, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, increased tension which may lead to sleep disturbances, irritability, poor concentration Acute Stress Disorder: short-term disorder with symptoms similar to PTSD, follows traumatic event, symptoms occur immediately or within a month of the event, anxiety lasts shorter time Dissociative Disorders Dissociation: separation of certain personality components/mental processes from conscious thought Types of Dissociatve Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Amnesia Serious loss of memory, usually following a particularly stressful/traumatic event Typically can’t remember any events that occurred for certain period of time surrounding the traumatic event May last for few hours, may persist for years Memory is likely to return as suddenly as it was lost Dissociative Fugue Amnesia and start a new life When fugue comes to an end, don’t remember what happened during fugue state Dissociative Identity Disorder AKA: Multiple Personality Disorder Existence of 2 or more personalities within a single individual Personalities may/may not be aware of the others, at least 2 take turns controlling the individual’s behavior Different voice, facial expressions, as well as selfperceived age, gender, and physical characteristics Different allergies and eyeglass prescriptions Behave differently than others Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder Severe abuse in childhood Typically severe physical, sexual, and/or psychological abuse Less often it is preceded by other types of trauma Depersonalization Disorder Feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body Describe feeling as though they are outside their bodies, observing themselves at a distance Common symptom of other disorders and a disorder in its own right Likely to be preceded by a stressful event Somatoform Disorders Somatization: expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms Have psychological problems but experience inexplicable physical symptoms Conversion Disorder Bodily symptoms without physical problems Ex: may develop the inability to see overnight or move their legs with no medical explanation Person is not faking it Many show little concern about their symptoms Hypochondriasis A person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he/she has a serious disease Become absorbed by minor physical symptoms and sensations, convinced that the symptoms indicate a serious medical illness Maintain their erroneous beliefs despite reassurances from doctors that there is nothing physically wrong with them Many visit doctor after doctor trying to find one who will find the cause of their symptoms Mood Disorders Mood changes that seem inappropriate for or inconsistent with the situations to which they are responding 2 general categories Depression: involves feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness Bipolar Disorder: cycle of mood changes from depression to wild elation and back again Very common psychological disorders Major Depression Most common of all psychological disorders DSM-IV identifies 9 symptoms, to diagnose 5 must be present and symptoms must last for at least 2 weeks, and occur nearly every day during that period As many as 15% of severely depressed individuals eventually commit suicide Bipolar Disorder AKA manic depression Mania: extreme excitement characterized by hyperactivity and chaotic behavior For some may be irritability instead of elation Severe cases: delusions about being superior or others being jealous of them Impulsive behaviors Severe mood swings between depression and mania Schizophrenia Usually considered the most serious of the psychological disorders Loss of contact with reality Can be very disabling, could even lead to affected person’s inability to function independently Usually develops gradually, but can appear suddenly Most obvious symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders Paranoid Schizophrenia Delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations, all relating to a single theme May have delusions of grandeur, persecution, or jealousy Tend to have less disorganized thoughts and bizarre behavior than do people with other types May be agitated, confused, and afraid Disorganized Schizophrenia Incoherent in their thought and speech and disorganized in their behavior Usually also have delusions and hallucinations, but they tend to be fragmentary and unconnected Either emotionless or show inappropriate emotions May neglect their appearance and hygiene Catatonic Schizophrenia Disturbance of movement: activity may slow to a stupor and then suddenly switch to agitation May hold fixed position for hours May exhibit waxy flexibility: others can mold them into strange poses that they hold for hours Personality Disorders Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or distress the affected individual Usually show up by late adolescence and affect all aspects of an individual’s personality (thought processes, emotions, and behavior) Paranoid Personality Disorder Tend to be distrustful and suspicious of others Tend to perceive other people’s behavior as threatening or insulting Difficult to get along with Often lead isolated lives Not confused about reality but view of reality is distorted and they are unlikely to see their mistrust and suspicions as unfounded or abnormal Schizoid Personality Disorder Have no interest in relationships with others Lack emotional responsiveness Do not have tender feelings for, or become attached to, others Tend to be loners Similar symptoms as schizophrenia but do not have delusions or hallucinations and may stay in touch with reality Antisocial Personality Disorder Behavior pattern that violates the rules, laws, and morals of society Do not feel guilt or remorse Continue their behaviors despite the threat of social rejection or punishment Early life: may run away from home, hurt others or animals Adulthood: aggressive and reckless, have a hard time holding a job, fail to pay bills and debts, or break the law Avoidant Personality Disorders Desire relationships with others but they are prevented from forming them by tremendous fear of the disapproval of others Act shy and withdrawn in social situations, always afraid they will say or do something foolish or embarrassing Symptoms similar to those of social phobia and those with this disorder usually have social phobias as well Not all who have social phobias have avoidant personality disorder Therapy Approaches mental health professionals use to treat psychological problems and disorders Psychotherapy: psychologically based therapy where focus is on interactions between a professional and client Goals of Therapy Help troubled individuals Gain insight on problems Provide a caring, trusting relationship with mental health professional Hope for recovery Bringing about changes in the individuals seeking help Use a psychological perspective to guide therapeutic practice Individual vs. Group Therapy Individual Personal attention May talk more freely if with only a therapist and not an audience Group Helps people realize they are not alone Benefit from others’ insights Supporting one another Practice coping and other social skills Shows therapy can work More affordable Many types of groups Psychoanalytic Approach Free Association Dream Analysis Intense, long-term therapy Humanistic Approach Person-Centered Carl Rogers Nondirective Therapy Active listening Unconditional positive regard Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy Goal: help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving Cognitive Therapy Rational-Emotive Therapy: Albert Ellis Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy Counterconditioning Systematic Desensitization Aversive Conditioning Operant Conditioning Token economy Successive approximations to desired behavior (shaping/chaining) Biological Therapy Drug Therapy Antianxiety Drugs Antidepressant drugs Lithium Antipsychotic drugs Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Prefrontal Labotomy