Download Describe antisocial personality disorder

CHAPTER
17
Most people with
mental disorders
have been
overwhelmed by
stress and can no
longer cope. Another
group suffer from
disturbances created
by chemical
malfunctions.
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Mental
Disorders
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Causes of Mental Disorders
Combination
of these
reasons
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Definitions of
Abnormal Behaviors
1. The person may have extreme anxiety, endless
worry, and depression.
2. The person acts in bizarre ways. He or she cannot
react normally or is constantly depressed.
3. The person cannot act out his or her role
efficiently.
4. The person has self-defeating behaviors.
5. The person sees the world as threatening,
dangerous, and rejecting.
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It’s All a Matter of Degree
All of us fall somewhere on this scale. Furthermore, we
all fluctuate from week to week or month to month from
one point to another. The further left we fluctuate, the
more likely it is that we need outside help. The two end
points are theoretical, of course – no one is either
completely “abnormal” or “supernormal.”
In your opinion, how would someone with a severe
disorder differ from someone with a mild disorder?
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Disorders of Childhood
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Description:
Child may be
unable to focus on a task
easily distracted or frustrated
impulsive
constantly moving and restless
Causes are still unknown
Treatment varies
Ritalin (stimulant)
Structuring the child’s environment
1/ of cases continue into adulthood

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Autism
Description:
The child
fails to develop communication patterns,
social interactions, and emotional responses.
is difficult to feed, and does not respond with smiles.
may rock or stare off into space.
may not attach to adults but will to objects.
may not have recognition or a visible response to the
spoken word.
Causes are unknown; may be brain malfunction;
heredity may play a part.
Treatment varies and is inconsistent. Degree of
autism is biggest factor in deciding how to treat.
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension that
includes sweating palms, erratic breathing,
and a pounding heart.
Panic
Disorder
Phobias
ObsessiveCompulsive
Behaviors
Click on the disorders for more information.
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Caused by
physical
and chemical
problems
Panic
Disorders
Occur when
the person
is under stress
Overwhelming
attacks of
anxiety
Psychotherapy
can be useful
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Medicine can
reduce
symptoms
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Agoraphobia
is fear of
leaving a
familiar place.
Certain objects
or events can
“disable”
a person.
Phobias
Can include
very specific
categories
such as
snakes.
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Most phobics
are women.
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Some drugs can
reduce symptoms.
Obsessions are
recurring thoughts.
ObsessiveCompulsive
Behaviors
Compulsions
are ritualized
behaviors.
Result from
guilt, anxiety,
and insecurity.
Click for more information.
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis
People overly concerned
about their health.
An illness occurs for
every physical complaint.
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Conversion Disorders
Psychological problem
is converted into
a physiological
dysfunction.
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Memories
related to a
trauma
disappear.
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A person will have
several personalities
that are unique.
Memories
related to a
trauma
disappear and
the person starts
life all over.
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Moderate
depression
that will go
away
without
therapy
Dysthymic
Disorder
Mania
Restlessness,
inability to
concentrate,
and
rapid speech
Mood
Disorders
Lasting from
Major
a couple
Depression
of weeks to
months
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Bipolar
Swings of
mania
and
depression
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Causes of Mood Disorders
Difficult to trace cause, as the problem can come
and go without treatment.
Females are twice as likely to be moderately
depressed and to suffer from dysthymic disorder as
males; four times as likely to suffer from major
depression. Males and females suffer from bipolar
disorder at about the same rate, however.
Depression lies on a continuum from mild to severe;
moderate depression can turn into major
depression.
MILD
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MODERATE
SEVERE
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Causes of Mood Disorders
(continued)
Learned helplessness is a factor associated
with depression. In this situation, people
believe they are unable to help themselves get
better.
People with poor self-images are more prone
to depression.
Levels of the chemical serotonin
in the brain also play a role in
mania and depression.
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Characteristics of
Psychotic Disorders
PSYCHOTIC DISORDER (Psychosis) –
A severe mental disorder that may involve disorganized thought
processes, hallucinations, delusions, & major problems with
emotional responses.
• Major disorganization of thought processes
• Confused & extreme emotional responses
• Distorted perceptions of the world
• Loss of contact with & difficulty in recognizing reality
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Symptoms of
Psychotic Disorders
1. Thought Disorders . . . a distortion of thinking
Thought Disorder – A serious distortion in the ability to
think or speak in a lucid coherent way.
2. Hallucinations . . . to see or hear things that are not
present Hallucinating – The act of seeing or hearing
something that is not present.
3. Delusions . . . false or inaccurate beliefs
Delusion – A belief in something that is clearly not true.
4. Inappropriate emotional responses
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Schizophrenic
Disorders
Schizophrenia – A psychosis
involving disorganized thoughts
and garbled speech as well as
hallucinations & delusions; the
most serious mental disorder.
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Characteristics:
• A psychosis
• Most serious of mental disorders
• Affects about 1% of population
• Speech of schizophrenics – Word salad or has clang
associations
• Probably not a single disorder – different causes & degrees of
severity
• Appears in late adolescence or early adulthood – Probably
results from physical or chemical problem, not psychological.
• Types: Catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated.
• Not out of touch with reality all the time… Only during
psychotic episodes which occur in cycles.
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Symptoms
Disorganized Thoughts
Hallucinations – seeing or hearing something that’s not
present
Delusion – Belief in something that’s clearly not true.
Garbled Speech
Word Salad – Speech in which words are mixed incoherently
Clanging/Clang Associations – Rhythmic patterns
associated with psychotic speech.
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Types of Schizophrenia
Catatonic
Sufferers can hold
an unusual
posture for hours
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Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Feelings of
persecution
and suspiciousness
Difficult to
distinguish
symptoms
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Hereditary and Environmental
Factors in Schizophrenia
1. Heredity plays a role but is not the only or major
cause ( a person may have a predisposition).
2. Environment may play a role in the development
of schizophrenia but is not the major factor.
3. A strange and bizarre family
life may trigger appearance in
someone who is predisposed.
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Chemical Factors
in Schizophrenia
1. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in the brain.
2. Schizophrenics have very high levels of dopamine.
3. They report that they feel agitated, talk
rapidly, and their thoughts are racing.
4. Some schizophrenics report that lower levels
of dopamine make them feel better.
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
These people consistently come
into conflict with the law and
show little or no concern, guilt,
or anxiety.
Borderline Personality Disorder
These people have unstable and intense relationships with
others. They are dependent on others and yet, sabotage those
relationships. They have problems controlling their
impulses; their perceptions and thoughts are distorted.
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Pause for Thought Qs – Answers
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1- What are 4 characteristics of psychotic disorders?
A:
Distortion of mental processes or thought disorders
Visual or auditory hallucinations
Delusions
Bizarre emotional responses
2- Some schizophrenics have peculiar speech patterns at times.
Describe those speech patterns.
A:
Word Salad – mix words together incoherently
Clang Association – word rhymes
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Pause for Thought Qs – Answers
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3- Describe several environmental & chemical factors in schizophrenia.
A:
A predisposition for schizophrenia is probably inherited.
Environment can play a role, but is not a major cause.
(EX: Case Study – Michael W. – disturbed home-life.)
Schizophrenics seem to have an excess of dopamine, which
causes neurons to fire too rapidly, which in turn leads to
disturbances in speech patterns.
Researchers feel that psychological problems can cause the
body to manufacture too much dopamine, so schizophrenia may
not be JUST a physical problem that can be treated with drugs.
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Pause for Thought Qs – Answers
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4- How are personality disorders different from other disorders
discussed in Chapter 17?
A:
People who suffer from personality disorders are not
overly anxious or guilty. They are NOT psychotic.
Describe antisocial personality disorder (include explanation of
psycho & sociopaths) AND borderline personality disorder.
APD – Personality disorder in which the person seems to have no
conscience & is in constant conflict with the law. They show little to no
concern, guilt, or anxiety. Neither drug or psychological treatment works
to help them. They will agree and cooperate and seem better and then go
right back to their previous behavior – to their favorite crime(s).
Psychopathic behavior – Label given to those who committed crimes like beating
up old ladies to ax murder.
Sociopathic –
Behavior of people with antisocial personality disorder
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Pause for Thought Qs – Answers
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Describe antisocial personality disorder (include explanation of
psycho & sociopaths) AND borderline personality disorder.
BPD – Personality disorder marked by unstable emotions
and relationships, dependency, and manipulative, selfdestructive behavior. They can admit that they are
dependent. They constantly test other people and sabotage
their relationships. They appear to be “clingy” and needy.
They frequently use self-destructive behavior to manipulate
others. They are afraid of being abandoned. They are
emotionally unstable and have trouble controlling their
impulses. Sometimes their perceptions and thoughts are
distorted.
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Pause for Thought Qs – Answers
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5- Why did the hospital staff recognize a psychologist
faking symptoms of psychosis (and being admitted to
a hospital) as a phony?
It’s highly unusual for someone to fake symptoms of
psychosis to get admitted to a mental institution, so
doctors were not looking for this. They probably accept
patients’ complaints at face value. Once the
experimenter was admitted, doctors viewed him in
accordance with his label.
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Pretend as though you have been arrested for a crime and
before you stand trial, you have to answer a series of questions.
1- When I go to court the lawyer will _________________.
2- When I was accused of the crime, I _________________.
3- If the jury finds me guilty, I __________________.
4- While listening to the witnesses testify against me, I
_____________.
5- When I was accused of the crime, I thought to myself
______________.
6- When I think of being sent to prison, I ______________.
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Summary of Main Topics Covered
Causes of Mental Disorders
Abnormal Behaviors
ADHD
Childhood Disorders{ Autism
Anxiety Disorders{
Panic Disorder, Phobias,
Obsessive-Compulsive
Somatoform Disorders {
Dissociative Disorders { Amnesia, Fugue, D. I. D.
Conversion
Hypochondriasis
Depression,
Mood Disorders { Dysthymic,
Mania, Bipolar
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
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