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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 16
Psychological Disorders
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
Psychological Disorder
 A “harmful dysfunction” in which
behavior is judged to be:
 Atypical
 not enough in itself
 Disturbing
 varies with time and culture
 Maladaptive
 harmful
 Unjustifiable
 sometimes there’s a good reason
NPR on mcniel island sex offenders
True or False
Researchers have found that toddlers who
watch lots of TV are, at age 7, more likely
than average to display ADHD symptoms
True
True or False
In some cultures, depression and
schizophrenia are nonexistent.
False
True or False
About 30 percent of psychologically
disordered people are dangerous; that is,
they are more likely than other people to
commit a crime.
False
True or False
Research indicates that in the United
States there are more prison inmates with
severe mental disorders than there are
psychiatric inpatients in all the country's
hospitals.
True
True or False
 Identical twins who have been raised
separately sometimes develop the same
phobias.
True
True or False
In North America, today's young adults
are three times as likely as their
grandparents to report having
experienced depression.
True
True or False
White Americans commit suicide nearly
twice as often as black Americans do.
True
True or False
There is strong evidence for a genetic
predisposition to schizophrenia.
True
True or False
About one in four Americans suffer from a
diagnosable mental disorder in a given
year.
True
Historical Perspective
 Perceived Causes
 movements of sun or moon
 lunacy--full moon
 evil spirits
 Ancient Treatments
 exorcism, caged like animals, beaten,
burned, castrated, mutilated, blood
replaced with animal’s blood
Psychological Disorders
 Medical Model
 concept that diseases have physical causes
 can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases,
cured
 assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be
diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms
and cured through therapy, which may
include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
 Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
 assumes that biological,
sociocultural, and psychological
factors combine and interact to
produce psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders –
Etiology (causes)
DSM-V
 American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition)
 a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders –
Etiology (causes)
 Psychotic Disorder
 person loses contact with reality
 experiences irrational ideas and
distorted perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety, or
any maladaptive behaviors that
serve to reduce anxiety
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 person is tense, apprehensive, and in
a state of autonomic nervous system
arousal
Anxiety Disorders
 Panic Disorder
 marked by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensation
Anxiety Disorders
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 unwanted repetitive thoughts
(obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions)
 Mandel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g (9
min)
Anxiety Disorders
 PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
 High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 Phobia
 persistent, irrational fear of a
specific object or situation
 Handout 13-10
Specific Phobia
Anxiety Disorders
 Top Fears
Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
 Major Depressive Disorder
 a mood disorder in which a person, for no
apparent reason, experiences two or
more weeks of:
 depressed moods,
 feelings of worthlessness,
 diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Mood Disorders
 Manic Episode
 a mood disorder marked by a
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
 Bipolar Disorder
 a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness
and lethargy of depression and the
overexcited state of mania
 Sometimes (formerly) called manic-depressive
disorder
Mood Disorders-Bipolar
 PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood DisordersDepression
Mood Disorders-Depression
Mood DisordersSuicide
Mood Disorders - Suicide
(OECD)
Mood DisordersSuicide
 Risk Factors




Easy accessibility to firearms (!)
Mood disorders
Substance abuse
Feelings of loneliness and hopelessness
 Strongest risk factor
 Previous attempts
(especially in adolescents):
Mood DisordersSuicide
 Risk Factors
 Interpersonal loss
 Poor social adjustment
 Problems surrounding love relationships,
dating, and friends
 Rejection by a potential partner or loss of a
romantic relationship
Mood DisordersSuicide
 Your Rankings
 Experts’ Rankings
 #2
 Previous attempt; breakup of relationship
 #4
 Substance abuse; gun; giving away possessions
 #3
 In treatment
 #1
 Family to provide social support
Mood DisordersSuicide: 10 Common Characteristics
 Unendurable Psychological Pain
 Not an act of hostility or revenge
 A way of switching off unendurable pain
 Frustrated Psychological Needs
 Feeling a lack of security, achievement, trust
 The Search for a Solution
 Seen as a way out of a problem
 An Attempt to End Consciousness
 Goal is to stop awareness of pain
 Helplessness and Hopelessness
 A sense of powerlessness
Mood DisordersSuicide: 10 Common Characteristics
 Constriction of Options
 Only 2 choices: total solution or total cessation
 Ambivalence
 Only thing to care about is life or death
 Communication of Intent
 About 80% give clues
 Departure
 Running away – it’s the ultimate escape
 Lifelong coping patterns
 A habit of “cutting and running” problem solving
Mood DisordersDepression
 Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression
 The vicious
cycle of
depression
can be
broken at
any point
Dissociative Disorders
 Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
 rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities
 formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia
 literal translation “split mind”
 a group of severe disorders
characterized by:
 disorganized and delusional thinking
 disturbed perceptions
 inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
 Delusions
 false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany
psychotic disorders
 Hallucinations
 sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation
Schizophrenia
13-21 Magical Ideation Scale
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
 Disorders characterized by inflexible
and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning
 usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 (formerly sociopaths or psychopaths)
 disorder in which the person (usually
male) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing (no feeling of guilt), even
toward friends and family members
 Usually obvious before age 15
 may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qyCR9tPDgM
Antisocial Personality
Disorder
 Boys who
were later
convicted of
a crime
showed
relatively low
arousal
Personality Disorders
 PET scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders