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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Psychological Disorder A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: Atypical not enough in itself Disturbing varies with time and culture Maladaptive harmful Unjustifiable sometimes there’s a good reason NPR on mcniel island sex offenders True or False Researchers have found that toddlers who watch lots of TV are, at age 7, more likely than average to display ADHD symptoms True True or False In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. False True or False About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. False True or False Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country's hospitals. True True or False Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias. True True or False In North America, today's young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report having experienced depression. True True or False White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as black Americans do. True True or False There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. True True or False About one in four Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. True Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Psychological Disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes) DSM-V American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes) Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety, or any maladaptive behaviors that serve to reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Mandel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g (9 min) Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Handout 13-10 Specific Phobia Anxiety Disorders Top Fears Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of: depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mood Disorders Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania Sometimes (formerly) called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood DisordersDepression Mood Disorders-Depression Mood DisordersSuicide Mood Disorders - Suicide (OECD) Mood DisordersSuicide Risk Factors Easy accessibility to firearms (!) Mood disorders Substance abuse Feelings of loneliness and hopelessness Strongest risk factor Previous attempts (especially in adolescents): Mood DisordersSuicide Risk Factors Interpersonal loss Poor social adjustment Problems surrounding love relationships, dating, and friends Rejection by a potential partner or loss of a romantic relationship Mood DisordersSuicide Your Rankings Experts’ Rankings #2 Previous attempt; breakup of relationship #4 Substance abuse; gun; giving away possessions #3 In treatment #1 Family to provide social support Mood DisordersSuicide: 10 Common Characteristics Unendurable Psychological Pain Not an act of hostility or revenge A way of switching off unendurable pain Frustrated Psychological Needs Feeling a lack of security, achievement, trust The Search for a Solution Seen as a way out of a problem An Attempt to End Consciousness Goal is to stop awareness of pain Helplessness and Hopelessness A sense of powerlessness Mood DisordersSuicide: 10 Common Characteristics Constriction of Options Only 2 choices: total solution or total cessation Ambivalence Only thing to care about is life or death Communication of Intent About 80% give clues Departure Running away – it’s the ultimate escape Lifelong coping patterns A habit of “cutting and running” problem solving Mood DisordersDepression Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others Mood DisordersDepression The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point Dissociative Disorders Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulation Schizophrenia 13-21 Magical Ideation Scale Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder (formerly sociopaths or psychopaths) disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing (no feeling of guilt), even toward friends and family members Usually obvious before age 15 may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qyCR9tPDgM Antisocial Personality Disorder Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders