Download Minerals

Minerals
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one of micronutrient
substances .
these elements deposited in
the rock ,go to soil, then to
plants , animal eat it ,then go
to human .
inorganic elements
has vital role in human
metabolism { building
,activity ,regulating
,transmitting ,& controlling }
Na ,K [ shift of body water ]
Ca ,ph provide structure of
the body framework
 Iodine need for thyroid hormone
 2% of Ca need to build the skeletal tissue .
 ** types of minerals :
 1- major mineral
 - found in large amount
 -seven major minerals ( ca ,Mg ,Na ,K,ph ,sulfur & chloride )
 2- Trace elements :
 - found in small amount
 - as iron ,iodine ,zinc ,copper ,Manganese ,fluoride
Major minerals:
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@ calcium :
10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed
-absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum
-** factors increasing ca absorption :
1- vit D hormone :
- consider as control agent of ca absorption
- vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation
2- body need :
-growth
-state of hypocalcaemia
-pregnancy
-lactation
More ca is absorbed
3-diatery protein & CHO :
- greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein
-lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower
intestinal pH
4- acidity :
- acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption
 ** factors decreasing ca
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absorption :
vit D deficiency
dietary fat : excess fat
decrease ca absorption
fiber & other binding
agent
alkalinity : decrease ca
absorption in alkaline
media
 N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb
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ca is reduced
** ca output :
70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca
may be excreted in the urine
- daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day
** ca in the bone :
99% of ca storage in bone & teeth
** ca in the blood :
1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid
 **control agent of ca balance :
 parathyroid hormone :
 -release PTH to maintain normal level of ca
 -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption
 -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous
 2- vit D hormone .
 3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it
prevent abnormal rise in serum ca
 ** functions of ca :
 bone formation
 tooth formation
 general metabolic function
 blood clotting
 nerve stimulation
 muscle contraction & relaxation
 cell membrane permeability
 enzyme activation
 ** clinical problems :
 tetany : decrease ca
 rickets
 osteomalachia
 osteoporosis
 hypercalcemia ,renal stone
 food source of ca : milk
,cheese egg ,green
vegetables , nut ,grains
 ** phosphorous :
 1% of total body weight
 closely associated with ca
,called metabolic twin
 absorbed in the jejunum
 ph found in bone ,blood ,&
cells
 ph under control of PTH&
vit D
 ** physiological function of ph :
 bone & tooth formation
 general metabolic activity
 absorption of glucose & glycerol
 transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids
 energy metabolism ( ATP)
 buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the
blood
 ** hypophosphatemia :
 celiac disease
 rickets
 osteomalachia
 hyperparathyroidism
 symptom include muscle weakness
 ** hyperphosphatemia :
 Renal disease
 Hypoparathyrodism
 food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat
 *sodium :
 -absorbed through small intestine
 -excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone
hormone
 ** physiological function of Na :
 water balance .
 acid base balance
 cell permeability
 muscle action
 food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg,
carrot
 ** potassium :
 -mainly found inside the cell
 -has significant effect on muscle activity especially
heart muscle
 -absorbed in small intestine
 -excreted through kidney
 ** physiological function of K :
 water ,acid base balance
 muscle activity
 CHO metabolism
 Protein synthesis
 Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables
 **manganese :
 Mg present in all body cell
 -has role in energy production & build tissue
 -it also aid in normal muscle action
 - found in fruit ,nut ,grain
 ** chloride :
 out side of the cell
 help in control water acid –base balance
 highest concentration in the spinal fluid
 found in HCL hydro choleric acid