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Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 15 Endocrine System Lecture Outline Part 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 3. Anterior pituitary gland • Controlled by hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones 2 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 3. Anterior pituitary gland • Hormones _______ by the anterior pituitary 1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones. 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. 3. Gonadotropic hormones stimulate gonads to produce sex cells and hormones. 3 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 3. Anterior pituitary gland 4. Prolactin (PRL) stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk only after childbirth. 5. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) causes skin-color changes in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles having melanophores, special skin cells that produce color variations. 6. Growth hormone (GH) promotes skeletal and muscular growth. 4 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland The hypothalamus and pituitary Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. hypothalamus 1.Neurosecretory cells produce hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones. 2. These hormones are secreted into a portal system. 1. Neurosecretory cells produce ADH and oxytocin. optic chiasm 3. Each type of hypothalamic hormone either stimulates or inhibits production and secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone. 2. These hormones move down axons to axon terminals. portal system 3. When appropriate, ADH and oxytocin are secreted from axon terminals into the bloodstream. Posterior pituitary Figure 15.6 Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary. Kidney tubules: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Smooth muscle in uterus: oxytocin Mammary glands: oxytocin Anterior pituitary Mammary glands: prolactin (PRL) 4. The anterior pituitary secretes its hormones into the bloodstream, which delivers them to specific cells, tissues, and glands. Thyroid: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenal cortex: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Bones, tissues: growth hormone (GH) Ovaries, testes: gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) 5 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland What happens when the body produces too much or too little GH? • _______________ – too little GH is produced during childhood; results in small stature • __________ – too much GH is produced during childhood; results in poor health • __________ – overproduction of GH as an adult; results in larger than normal feet, hands, and face 6 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland What happens when plentiful GH is produced during childhood? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 15.8 Growth hormone influences height. a. b. a: © AP/ Wide World Photos; b: © General Photographic Agency/Getty Images 7 15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland What happens when GH is produced in high amounts during adulthood? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Age 9 Age 16 Age 33 Age 52 (all): From Clinical Pathological Conference, “Acromegaly, Diabetes, Hypermetabolism, Proteinura and Heart Failure,” American Journal of Medicine 20 (1956) 133, with permission from Excerpta Medica, Inc. Figure 15.9 Overproduction of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly. 8 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 4. Thyroid gland • It is a large gland located below the ______. • _________ is needed in the diet to allow the thyroid gland to produce its hormones. 9 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 4. Thyroid gland • It produces – thyroid hormone (TH) which regulates metabolism. – calcitonin which helps lower blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium in the bones. 10 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid abnormalities • ____________ – thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet 11 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid abnormalities • _____thyroidism – low blood levels of thyroid hormones A. Congenital _____thyroidism: thyroid does not develop properly and is characterized in a short, stocky person who may have mental retardation B. Myxedema: hypothyroidism in adults characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerance, and thick, puffy skin 12 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid abnormalities • _____thyroidism – excess thyroid hormones in the blood A. Exophthalimic goiter: characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, hyperactivity, and insomnia B. Thyroid tumor: can also cause hyperthyroidism 13 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid abnormalities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. affected eye a. Simple goiter b. Congenital hypothyroidism c. Exophthalmic goiter a: © Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy; b: © Medical-on- Line/Alamy; c: © Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers,Inc. Figure 15.10 Effects of insufficient dietary iodine, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. 14 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 5. Parathyroid glands • Small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland • Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) – Causes blood Ca2+ level to _________ by promoting osteoclast activity – Promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ by the kidneys 15 15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Regulation of blood calcium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. calcitonin Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin into blood. Bones take up Ca2+ from blood. Blood Ca2+ lowers. Homeostasis (normal blood Ca2+) Blood Ca2+ rises. Parathyroid glands release PTH into blood. activated vitamin D parathyroid hormone (PTH) Figure 15.11 Blood calcium homeostasis. Intestines Kidneys absorb Ca2+ reabsorb Ca2+ from digestive from kidney tract. tubules. Bones release Ca2+ into blood. 16