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Ch 29-31, 34 Unit 3 Review Strive for a 5! Radjewski 2013 Ch 29 #1 Define homeostasis and list things that are important to maintain • Homeostasis – maintenance of internal conditions • Important things to maintain: – pH – Ion concentrations – Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels – temperature #2 Negative or Positive? a. Increase in pepsin occurs, so this is positive feedback Rather than returning the system to a set point, the process amplifies the response that activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin. This increase in deviation from the set point is a process that typically reaches a limit and then terminates rapidly. This is an appropriate response to ingested food. b. Drinking response to low bp – negative feedback. When low blood-pressure causes (un-stretched) sensory neurons to provide feedback information that blood pressure has decreased, reflexes are activated to restore optimal blood pressure. The action required to return blood pressure to “normal” in this example include the activation of thirst, stimulating water intake (drinking) that ultimately restores optimal blood pressure as the ingested water moves into the blood. c. More platelets are formed as a response – positive feedback Clumped platelets at an injury site release a chemical signal that further enhances clumping of more platelets, helping to seal the leak in the injured vessel and reduce the loss of precious blood. #3 Ectotherms and Endotherms Ectotherm • If temperature goes up in ectotherm, the organism’s body temperature goes up Endotherm • If temperature goes up in endotherm, the organism’s body temperature stays the same #4 Steroid vs. protein hormones Steroid Hormones • Lipid soluble • Readily pass through cell membranes • Do not dissolve in watery blood plasma • So they circulate bound to carrier proteins Protein Hormones • Water soluble • So they are easily transported in the blood • Cannot cross cell membranes easily, so they rely on signals on the plasma membranes of target cells #5 Downregulation of insulin receptors in diabetes type II • Remember High concentrations of a hormone can cause a decrease in the number of that hormone’s receptors – that’s downregulation. Downregulation reduces the organism’s sensitivity to the hormone. • In Type II diabetes, chronically high levels of the hormone insulin (usually caused by excessive carbohydrate intake) downregulate production of insulin receptors throughout the body, making the cells become less sensitive to the hormone. #6a Persons with hypothyroid goiters have very high levels of thyroid hormones in their blood • False • Hypothyroid goiter results when there is not enough circulating thyroxine to turn off thyroidstimulating hormone or TSH production. • This stimulates growth of the thyroid gland, to the extent that is becomes the visible goiter. #6b Persons with hypothyroid goiter have very high levels of thyroidstimulating hormone in their blood • True • The levels of TSH are high in people with hypothyroid goiter because there is not enough thyroid hormone circulating to turn off TSH production in the anterior pituitary gland • i.e., the negative feedback signal (thyroid hormones) is at low levels or absent #6c Persons with hypothyroid goiter have very high levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone in their blood • True • The levels of TRH are abnormally high for the same reason as given in part B., above: lack of • negative-feedback signals (low or absent thyroid hormones). • Remember TRH stimulates the release of TSH. #7 ICE CREAM! • Ingestion of excessive amounts of foods high in calcium will cause calcium levels in the bloodstream to rise. • This, in turn, will inhibit the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Therefore, the PTH levels of “Uncle” will be low relative to a person with a more normal (lower calcium) diet. Ch 31 #8 Innate or Adaptive Nonspecific vs. specific a) b) c) d) Stomach acid destroying bacteria – T cell destroying a virus Skin preventing a virus from entering Defensins destroying invaders that have plasma membranes e) Interferons preventing viruses from spreading between neighboring cells f) Antibodies preventing reinfection by chicken pox #9 Antibodies vs. MHC Antibodies • Bind specifically to non-self antigens/pathogens MHC • Can bind to a variety of different pathogens #10. Phagocytes vs. Lymphocytes Similarities • Both are white blood cells • Both originate in bone marrow • Both are part of the immune system Differences • Phagocytes are non-specific and destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. They are involved in innate and adaptive immunity • Lymphocytes are only involved in adaptive immunity. They are specific to only one type of pathogen. Examples are B cells, T cells and natural killer cells #11 pathogen lands on skin • skin is a physical barrier that bacteria can rarely penetrate. • the saltiness and acidityof the skin are not hospitable to bacterial growth. • Numerous bacteria and fungi that normally reside on body surfaces without causing disease compete with potential pathogens for space and nutrients. #11 b. Pathogen lands in your mouth • saliva contains lysozyme that cleaves bonds in the cell walls of many bacteria, causing them to rupture. • If bacteria move from the mouth to the nasal passages, mucus provides a line of defense. • If bacteria in the mouth are swallowed, peristaltic and ciliary movement help move them to the acidic stomach. 11c. Pathogen is ingested in water • Gastric juice is deadly for many bacteria because of the hydrochloric acid and proteases that are secreted into it. 12. Antigens vs. antibodies Antigens • Foreign substance in the body; “non-self” • Produce an immune response Antibodies • Proteins produced by B cells • They specifically bind to antigens #13Older vs. Younger • Older people have been exposed to more pathogens over their lifespan, with more opportunities to build up immunity, and thus have a more diverse “arsenal” of antibody capacity. #14 T helper cells vs. cytotoxic T cells Both have specific membrane receptors that bind to antigens. Response is different T helper Cytotoxic T cells • Binding activates the adaptive immune system • Binding results in death of antigen 15a. Cough of someone gets on arm, you don’t get sick. 15b Ill, temperature then fine Ch 34 #16 Afferent vs. Efferent Neurons Afferent • Project to central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) • Information from them affects what happens next in the central nervous system Efferent • Project out of the central nervous system • Information from them effect changes in the periphery, such as muscles and glands. #17 Explain how neurons come to have more Na ions outside the cell than in the cytosol, and more K ions inside the cell than in the extracellular fluid. • Sodium potassium pump • It uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to actively expel Na+ from inside the cell, exchanging them for K+ from the outside. • This causes the concentration of Na+ to be higher outside the cell, and the K+ concentration to be higher inside the cytosol of cell, creating a concentration gradient for both ions. 18. Draw neuron and label.