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Anatomy 301 Review
Week 1
Noel Hastings
[email protected]
Course Objectives & Grades
No matter what I say here, know your
course objectives that were given to
you! These handouts are the key!!!
Try to do well on quizzes and take
home assignments.
These are easy points!!
Terminology & Vocabulary
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Study of Anatomy
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Dissection
Radiography (1895)
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X ray – bones
MRI – soft tissue
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Anatomical Position
Medial – Lateral
Proximal – Distal
Superficial – Deep
Superior – Inferior
Cranial/Rostral – Caudal
Ventral – Dorsal
Anterior – Posterior
Anatomical Planes & Sections
Body Cavities & Membranes
Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial cavity (brain)
• Ventral canal (cord)
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Superior Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity
• Lungs
Meninges (DAP)
Inferior Ventral Cavity
Abdominal cavity (guts!)
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
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Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Heart
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Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
Model of Serous Membrane
Tissue Sections
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Important to understand how tissues look when
sliced and placed on a slide.
Think about cutting vegetable at home!
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Cells + Matrix = Tissue
Know Some Locations for Each Tissue Type
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Epithelial (Squamous, Cuboidal & Columnar)
Connective (Fibrous, Supportive & Fluid)
Muscle (Smooth, Skeletal & Cardiac)
Nervous (Neurons & Glial Cells)
Epithelial Tissue
Squamous - Cuboidal - Columnar
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Simple, Stratified & Pseudostratified
Transitional in bladder only →
See pages 81 & 82, 84 & 85
Epithelial Tissues (pages 81-85)
Simple Squamous (membranes)
Stratified Squamous (mouth)
Simple Columnar (absorption)
Stratified Keratinized (skin)
Connective Tissue
Fibrous – Supportive – Fluid
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Fibrous: tendons, ligaments, membranes, matrix
Supportive: cartilage & bone
Fluid: blood
Cellular Components: Fibroblasts, Mac’s, Leuk’s, etc…
Non-Cellular Components: Collagen, Elastin, GAG’s
Fibrous Connective Tissues (pages 89-90)
Loose Mesentery (fascia, visceral layers)
Dense Regular (tendons)
Loose Areolar (under epithelium)
Dense Irregular (dermis)
Cartilage Tissues (page 91)
Cellular Components
- chondroblasts (perichondrium)
Non-Cellular
- collagenous fibers & GAG’s
Hyaline (fetus)
Elastic (ear, nose)
Fibrous (discs)
Bone Tissues (page 92)
Cellular Components
- osteoblasts (build bone)
- osteoclasts (remove bone)
Non-Cellular Components
- collagen
- calcified matrix
Structures
- lacunae
- Haversian canals
- lamellae
- canaliculi
- periosteum
Nervous Tissues (page 94)
Cellular Components
- neurons
- glial cells (support)
Structures
- dendrites
- axons
- nerve body (soma)
- brain & cord
Muscle Tissues (page 95)
Skeletal (attached to bones)
- striated, voluntary
Cardiac (heart only)
- intercalated discs, conductive
Smooth (gut, vessels, uterus)
- non-striated, autonomic
Cardiac (heart)
Skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (autonomic)
Glandular Tissues (page 96-97)
Exocrine
- outside body (sweat, milk)
Endocrine
- into bloodstream (hormones)
Structure
- cuboidal epithelia usually
- secretory vesicles
- ducts
Membranes (page 97 & 98)
Types
• cutaneous (skin)
• serous (pleura, peritoneum, etc…)
• mucous (mouth, vagina)
Structure
• epithelial tissue only!
• serous = 2 layers + fluid
• respiratory has cilia
Tissue Changes (page 99-100)
• Hyperplasia: growth through cell number increase
• Hypertrophy: growth through cell size increase
• Atrophy: cell size decrease (from lack of use usually)
• Necrosis: abnormal cell death, messy
• Apoptosis: controlled cell death (development)
• Fibrosis: scar formation
• Metaplasia: change from one type into another
• Neoplasia: tumor development, uncontrolled growth
and can be benign or malignant !