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Chapter 11: Ancient Greek Civilization
Grade 9
Section One: War in Ancient Greece (Pages 328-333)
546 B.C.
Persia conquered the Greek city-states of Ionia.
500 B.C.
Ionia rebelled against the Persians and Athens assisted
them by burning the Persian city of Sardis.
490 B.C.
King Darius was enraged by the rebellion and marched 200,
000 soldiers into Greece but were defeated in the Battle of
Marathon when the Athenians launched a surprise attack.
The Athenians’ victory marked the end of the first Persian
War.
480 B.C.
Xerxes, Darius’s son marched 100,000 soldiers into Greece
where Spartans blocked them up north. Spartans were
defeated due to a traitor and the Persians then pursued
Athens. Themistocles laid a trap for the Persians along the
narrow Strait where they attacked and destroyed hundreds
of Persian ships and won at the Battle of Salamis.
431 B.C.
War between the two Greek alliances broke out, it became
known as the Peloponnesian War.
421 B.C.
After Athens could only survive on bringing food in through
their ports, the overcrowding within the walls caused the
spread of disease and the plague, killing thousands. Thus
they agreed to a truce.
418 B.C.
Athens broke the truce by launching an invasion into Sicily
again (Spartans’ allies) where Sparta came to their rescue
and together they destroyed the Athenian forces. Athens
were now weakened.
404 B.C.
Persia saw Athens’ weakness as a chance to wipe them out
so they offered Sparta money to build their own strong navy
fleet fit to defeat Athens with at the Battle of Aegospotami.
Athenians resisted even when the Spartans’ put them and
their waterways under siege until a great famine spread and
they were finally forced to surrender under harsh peace
terms.
REVIEW FOR EXAM
QUESTIONS from page 333
Q 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
Chapter 11: Ancient Greek Civilization
Grade 9
Section Two: Alexander’s Empire (Pages 334-337)
338 B.C.
334 B.C.
330 B.C.
323 B.C.
• Philip the elected King of Macedonia won a decisive battle in
Central Greece over the armies of Thebes and Athens where
he gained control of all of Greece.
• Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding which left
his 20 year old son Alexander in charge of the throne.
• Alexander turned eastward where he wanted to secure his
control of Greece. He took his army of 30,000 foot soldiers
and 5, 500 cavalry troops into Asia.
• Alexander freed the Ionian-city states from Persian rule. He
was welcomed by Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria
on the edge of the Nile Delta. He then made his way to Persia.
• Alexander defeated the Persian king. He was not satisfied
with the defeat of the Persian empire, he wanted world
conquest. He led his army into Afghanistan and India. He
built a vast empire in only 11 years and was titled
"Alexander the Great".
• Alexander's luck started to turn, after his last major battle
in what is now Pakistan, his beloved horse Bucephalus died
of battle wounds. Soon after, his army mutinied and refused
to conquer any more lands.
• Alexander died of a fever in Babylon. He was not quite 33
years old. His infant son was too young to rule the empire and
thus Alexander's generals divided the empire into kingdoms.
One in Egypt, ruled by Ptolemy. The last ruler being
Cleopatra.
REVIEW FOR EXAM:
QUESTIONS from page 337
Q 4, 5, 6
Chapter 11: Ancient Greek Civilization
Grade 9
Section Three: Ancient Greek Beliefs and the Arts (Pages 338-343)
The ancient Greeks practiced polytheism, the worship of many gods or
deities. Deity=being with supernatural powers.

Greeks expressed their religious beliefs in their mythology.
(collection of myths or stories that people tell about their gods
and heroes).
o Some myths explain the changing of the seasons, others
revealed why suffering exists, others explain human
behavior or taught moral lessons. Some told stories of
heroes (Hercules).
THE TWELVE OLYMPIAN GODS:
Zeus
Father of many of the other
gods: bringer of storms and
god of justice.
Hera
Wife of Zeus and queen of the
gods; goddess of marriage.
Athena
Daughter of Zeus; goddess of
wisdom and protector of cities.
Apollo
God of prophecy; music,
poetry, light.
Artemis
Twin sister of Apollo, goddess
of hunting and childbirth.
Poseidon
Brother of Zeus; god of the sea
Ares
God of war
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty
Hermes
Messenger of the gods; patron
of merchants; protector of
travelers.
Demeter
Goddess of agriculture and the
harvest
Hephaestus
God of fire and of craftworkers
Hestia
Goddess of the hearth
Greek Religion and Life:
 The Greeks honored their gods with public and private religious
rituals.
 Public meetings began with prayers and animal sacrifices.
 Women played important roles in some of these public
ceremonies.
 In private homes, families maintained household shrines, where

they honored their favorite god or goddess.
Each city-state built temples to its patron deity.
Literature:
 Like the other arts, Greek literature was linked with religion.
 Religious festivals often included contests between poets
whereas others included plays based on myths (Such as Oedipus
the King- the text read in class).
Greek Drama:
 The roots of modern Western theater reach back to ancient
Greece. The word “drama” means play or performance on stage.
 Greek drama developed from performances honoring the god
Dionysus.
 In the earliest plays, a few individual actors performed the
character roles.
o The chorus – commented on the action and advised the
characters (they were more involved in the play than
narrators)
o Greek dramatists wrote two types of plays: tragedy and
comedy.
 The plot of tragedy often came from mythology.
 They can be traced to the downfall of heroic
figures caught in violent conflict with: family,
city, or gods.

Oedipus the King, is considered a Greek Tragedy. It represented
the concept of fate and destiny and that no matter how we try to
falter from our destinies, it will come back to haunt us.
REVIEW FOR EXAM:
Questions from page 343:
Q 2, 4, 6
OEDIPUS THE KING
Major Characters:
 Oedipus (New King of Thebes)
 Jocasta (Wife of Oedipus)
 Creon (Brother in Law)
 Teiresias (Blind Prophet)
 Chorus (Involved narration of the play)
Theme Analysis:
 Fate vs. Free Will




Wisdom and Knowledge
Choices and Consequences
Power
Memory and the Past
Imagery:
 Blindness
 Hunting
 Wildness
Foreshadowing:
 Oedipus’ promise
 Oedipus’ physical description
 Oedipus’ knowledge of the crime scene
Symbolism:
 Three-way crossroads
 Eyes, vision and blindness

Oedipus blinding himself
Dramatic Irony:
 Oedipus condemns the murderer
Grade 9