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Warm-up
Jan. 19th & 20th
Write this on the TOP HALF of your full sheet of
white paper that you picked up as you walked in.
Define in your own words:
EVOLUTION
&
Draw a picture
Natural Selection
and the Evidence
for Evolution
Chapter 15 (p 393-417)
I. Charles Darwin and Natural
Selection
A. Who is Charles Darwin?
– The “father of evolution”
– English scientist (1809-1882)
– Compiled major aspects of
the process of evolution as
possible explanations of how
species have evolved.
– First to publish his ideas that
were shaped by fossil
evidence.
B. Why is fossil
evidence important?
• Shows evidence that an organism
lived long ago.
• Geologists provided evidence
indicating that earth was much
older than people had originally
thought (4.6 billion years old)
• Biologists suspected that species
change over time, or evolve.
C. What is natural selection?
Development of the theory of
Evolution.
• Early theory of evolution by Lamark
contained 3 main ideas:
–1. Organisms constantly strive to
improve.
–2. Structures not used disappear
(use and disuse).
–3. Acquired traits can be passed
on.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution was
influenced by several major factors.
• Geology
• Artificial Selection
• Population Control
1. Geology –
• Charles Lyell reasoned that
the earth must be much older
than previously thought.
2.Artificial Selection –
observation that selective
breeding of crops and animals
by farmers could produce
more desirable offspring.
Darwin did his own pigeonbreeding experiments that
demonstrated artificial
selection.
3. Population Control –
Thomas Malthus stated that
the human population was
increasing so fast that the
supply of resources could not
keep up with the demand.
War, starvation, and disease
occurred to limit the
population.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
(known as Natural Selection)
contains
4 main ideas.
• There is variation within a population.
• Some variations allow an organism a
better chance of survival.
• More organisms are born than are
expected to survive.
• Individuals that survive and reproduce
pass their traits to the next generation.
Evolution of New Species
Adaptations & Competition
D. Vocabulary
• Species – interbreeding populations of
organisms that can produce offspring
capable of reproduction.
• Variation – differences between
individuals within a population.
• Evolution – process of change in a
population over time.
• Theory – a hypothesis that is supported
by evidence.
End of Day 1- Jan. 23/24
WARM-UP
Write down assignment, complete warm-up in your notebook
• Compare and Contrast the following:
–Natural Selection
–Artificial Selection
Use your notes from last class to help you.
II. Adaptations: Evidence
for Evolution
Adaptation
• A. Adaptation – evolution of a
structure, behavior, or internal
process that enables an organism
to respond to environmental
factors and to live to produce
offspring.
–Examples: rose’s thorns, giraffe
neck, tendrels on vines, etc.
Other types of structural adaptations:
–Mimicry – enables
one species to
resemble another.
–-
Physiological adaptations
• B. Physiological adaptations – change in
metabolic process (internal change)
**direct evidence of evolution
– Many disease causing bacteria are today
no longer affected by penicillin because
bacteria have evolved to prevent being
killed by penicillin
– Many insects and weeds that are pests are
now resistant to pesticides that are used
to kill them.
C. Anatomical adaptations
structure of an organism
• Homologous Structure
• Analogous Structure
• Vestigial Structures
• Homologous Structure – traits that
are similar in different species
because species share a common
ancestor.
–**Similar structure, different
function.
–Ex. an arm, fin and wing
Same structure, different function
• Analogous Structure – do not have
a common evolutionary origin.
** Different structure, similar
function.
•Ex. insect wing and a bird wing.
Used for flight but totally different
structure
Same function, different structure
• Vestigial Structures – structures that
are inherited but often not used.
– **suggests that they were structures of
their ancestors.
– Ex. pythons have a hipbone, humans
have an appendix, eyes of blind-mole
rats and cave fish.
Vestigial Structure
Review
End of Day 2- Jan. 25th
Embryology (pg 402)
• D. Embryology – the study of
embryos
–Embryo – an early stage of growth
and development of both plants
and animals.
–It is the shared features that
suggest evolution from a distant
common ancestor.
Fish
Reptile
Bird
Mammal
Embryology
Biochemistry (pg. 403)
• E. Biochemistry – the study of a
living organism’s chemistry ( DNA,
ATP, enzymes)
–Organisms that are biochemically
similar have fewer differences in
their amino acid sequences.
Groups that share more similarities
are interpreted as being more
closely related.
Biochemistry
Biochemical Similarities of Organisms
Comparison of
Organisms
Birds vs. mammals
Two orders of mammals
Amphibians vs. birds
Fish vs. land vertebrates
Insects vs. vertebrates
Algae vs. animals
Percent Substitutions
of Amino Acids in
Cytochrome c Residues
5 and 10
8-12
14-18
18-22
27-34
37
Factors
that effect
EVOLUTION
Fossil
Record
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Embryology
Works Cited
• "Natural Selection," a caricature of Darwin.. IRC. 2005.
•
•
•
•
unitedstreaming. 10 January 2006
<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
Greatest Discoveries with Bill Nye: The Origin and
Evolution of Life. Discovery Channel School. 2005.
unitedstreaming. 10 January 2006
<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
Evolution. AIMS Multimedia. 1993. unitedstreaming. 10
January 2006 http://www.unitedstreaming.com/
Camouflage, definition
Source: Paul Fuqua
Copyright: 2003
Adaptations, animal and plant
Source: Paul Fuqua
Copyright: 2004