Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Inclusive fitness wikipedia , lookup
Sexual selection wikipedia , lookup
On the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Natural selection wikipedia , lookup
Today’s Objective: • Identify natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. Can be found in the book: Pg. 393 - 399 Darwin and Natural Selection • Charles Darwin (1809- 1882) He was an English scientist and it took him years to develop his theory of evolution. • He began in 1831 at age 22 when he took a job as a naturalist on the English ship HMS Beagle, which sailed around the world on a five-year scientific journey. Darwin and Natural Selection • As the ship’s naturalist, Darwin studied and collected biological and fossil specimens at every port along the route. • The specimens were quite diverse, and he became curious about possible relationships among species. • Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with ideal traits is called artificial selection. (Intentional breeding for certain traits) Who have we studied that bred organisms through artificial selection? A Goldendoodle (Golden retriever/ Poodle) Mendel and the pea plants Darwin and Natural Selection • Darwin observed that in nature, the traits of individuals vary in populations. • Variations are then inherited. • Darwin hypothesized that there was a force in nature that picked which traits are better for survival in a species. Darwin and Natural Selection • On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin studied many species of animals and plants that are unique to the islands but similar to species elsewhere. • These observations led Darwin to consider the possibility that species can change over time. Darwin and Natural Selection • He realized that individuals struggle to compete in changing environmental conditions. • What do individuals compete for? • Only some individuals survive the competition and live to produce offspring. Darwin and Natural Selection • Natural selection is the idea that organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation. • Organisms without these variations are less likely to survive and reproduce. Darwin and Natural Selection • Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection to explain how species change over time. 1.In nature, organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Darwin and Natural Selection 2. In any population, individuals have variations. • Fish, for example, may differ in color, size, and speed. Darwin and Natural Selection 3. Individuals with certain useful variations, such as speed, survive in their environment, passing those variations to the next generation. • Whereas slower individuals would not survive to reproduce. Darwin and Natural Selection 4. Over time, offspring with FAVORABLE variations make up most of the population. • The allele for the unfavorable variation may cease to exist. Why do you think more and more bad bacteria (like the kind that cause sinus infections) are becoming resistant to anti-biotics? How do you think natural selection will affect this species of moth? (both the same species, just have variations) Question 1 What is the difference between artificial and natural selection? Natural Selection: Nature’s way of making sure the best traits live on…. “Survival of the fittest” ADAPTATIONS • Recall that an adaptation is any variation that aids an organism’s chances of survival in its environment. • Examples are: Thorns on plants Special colorings for an organism Enhanced night vision ADAPTATIONS • Learning about adaptations in mole-rats can help you understand how natural selection has affected them. • The ancestors of today’s common mole-rats looked similar to this…. • Some ancestral rats may have avoided predators better than others because of variations such as the size of teeth and claws. • Ancestral rats that survived passed their variations to offspring. • The structural adaptations of common mole rats include large teeth and long claws. • These body parts enable them to dig tunnels and defend against predators. • Over time, natural selection produced modern mole-rats. • Their blindness may have evolved because vision had no survival advantage for them. Then Now ADAPTATIONS • Some other structural adaptations are subtle. • Mimicry is a structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species. • In one form of mimicry, a harmless species has adaptations that result in a physical resemblance to a harmful species. ADAPTATIONS • Another subtle adaptation is camouflage, an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings. • Because well-camouflaged organisms are not easily found by predators, they survive to reproduce.