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Evolution Change over time Charles Darwin • A naturalist who served aboard research ship called “The Beagle” in 1831 • Observed bird and animal species in Galapagos • Made observations about species characteristics • Published “On the Origin of Species” • Formulated theory of evolution by natural selection Charles Darwin • Was actually a creationist serving on the beagle • Claimed to be an orthodox Christian • Many of his statements later will show that he didn’t know what orthodox Christianity was • His daughters death had a huge impact on his atheism, as I am sure any of us would have been impacted • Birds on different islands had different shaped beaks. • Each beak style seemed perfect for island’s food supply. • Darwin speculated that each species of bird had adapted to utilize the food in its environment. • Darwin explained these changes with his theory of evolution by natural selection Darwin’s Observations Adaptions • Ability to adapt was internal • Birds already had the heritable traits to adapt to environment • If you take the total information from all those birds, you can come up with the genetic information of that bird “Kind” Evolution Gradual changes in a population or species over time Natural Selection The way these changes occur This isn’t gradual • Islands that at one were not habited by any creature, • Other creatures came and multiplied there in short amount of time • Possibly, something God provided for in DNA of all organisms • Finding that “junk” DNA is not junk, and helps us to “be fruitful, multiply, and cover the earth” Patterns of Evolution Artificial selection When humans breed organisms with certain traits to produce offspring with those traits. Examples: dog species, draft horses, garden variety flowers Artificial Selection Dairy cows have been bred by artificial selection for large udders and high milk production. As a result, many cows have udders so large that they cannot walk without swinging their legs out to the side. Are they new creatures? • Artificial(or mass as per ch6) is just that, artificial – we are imposing what we want • The animals already had the information • We are choosing the information we want and breading out what we don’t want • Loss of information Patterns of Evolution Natural selection When organisms that have favorable adaptations are selected by nature survive and reproduce. Examples: colors which blend in with habitat, prehensile tail, beaks adapted to local food sources Favorable • Just because it is favorable, doesn’t mean that creature will have babies • Mutations produce a decrease in fertility • If you don’t reproduce, doesn’t matter how big and bad you are • Assumes favorable takes over Adaptations Opposable thumb: thumb that allows grasping and holding Designed that way • Amazed that they would put a well designed hand, by a human • By a well designed hand, by God • We were created in God’s image • How else would we create, if we didn’t have opposable thumbs? Evolution by Natural Selection In nature, organisms with the best characteristics for surviving in an environment will live longer and pass those characteristics on to more offspring. Eventually more of the population will have these adaptive traits. Mendelian Genetics • It will only pass on to offspring if it is Dominant • If it is recessive and is passed, then it is not a new trait, because the mate would already have to have the recessive trait! In nature, organisms produce too many offspring for environment to support Individuals will have a variety of characteristics Individuals with good traits for survival will live and reproduce more than others, passing on the good traits to their offspring. The population will eventually change in appearance as this trait becomes more common. Assumption • Assumes favorable trait will take over • Assumes that creature evolved instead of changed within kind – bait and switch fallacy Two Types of Natural Selection Divergent Evolution When related species become more and more different due to different niches Adaptive Radiation One type of divergent evolution One species in a new environment changes into many new species, each adapted to a particular food source and way of life. But they can still interbreed • While yes the heritable traits will be different through genetic drift, • There is loss of information • The two species however will still be able to interbreed • Zorse • Liger • Tigon Divergent Evolution of Hawaiian Honeycreepers • A small bird migrated to an island • Island had diverse ecosystem (insects, nuts, berries, flowers & nectar, worms, leaves… • Eventually, many species of birds evolved • Each had features adapted for one niche – Different coloration – Different beak shapes – Different anatomical structures Maui Parrotbill `Amakihi Breaks apart wood and then pries out insect larvae. Eats insects and nectar. `Akohekohe Feed primarily on insects and nectar from `ohi`a blossoms Maui Creeper Eats insects among the leaves and branches. The Po`ouli Finds insects, spider and snails under leaves and bark 'I'iwi Honeycreeper Eats the nectar stored in deep-throated flowers. Anyone See the Bait and switch? • Eventually man species of birds ‘evolved’ • Very dogmatic Homologous structures • Structures from related individuals that have become modified for a particular environment. • Usually result from divergent evolution. Evolutionary explanation • Design is denied • Discontinuity is minimized • Similar anitomically but vastly different in behavior • Chimps vs Humans – Don’t drive cars – Classify themselves – Make Hydrogen bombs DNA – Construction Site • • • • • • Sky Scraper vs. a Shed Tools some the same, some different Both good designs by the engineers Timing, location, duration of tools Blueprint – DNA Does simplicity mean less designed? Second Type of Natural Selection Convergent evolution When two or more unrelated species become more similar due to similar environments. Organisms that have converged due to similar environments Analogous structures • Structures on unrelated species that are similar due to similar functions. • Analogous structures result from convergent evolution. Analogous Structures Fish/shark and Whale • No common ancestry • Similar body shape and streamlining due to common environment. • Structures have become similar due to convergent evolution. Fallacy • This is “begging the question” • They already assume what they are trying to prove • Evolution is assumed, so they just add another name to it Evidence for Evolution and Relatedness of Species Types of evidence that shows if species are related include: – Fossil evidence – Comparative anatomy – Biochemistry – Chromosomes – Embryology – Microevolution All of these assume a worldview • Worldviews tell you how to interpret evidence • Made of presuppositions What are Fossils? • Fossils - traces of dead organisms • Fossils can be molds, footprints, imprints, bones or entire organisms Determining the Age of a Fossil • Absolute age: carbon dating relies on radioactive elements, which tell the actual age of the fossil. • Relative age: the age of a fossil can be predicted by its location in a rock column Candle Analogy • Many assumptions about dating organism • Carbon dating is only good for 5,000 yrs max • Relative age – circular reasoning Fossil Evidence • • • Fossils can be found in sedimentary rock (mud, sand or clay). Older fossils are found lower in rock Newer fossils are found closer to the surface Evidence for Noah’s Flood • • • • Billions of dead things buried by water 95% of fossil record is marine creatures Less than 1% are vertebrates Cannot use arguments – “we don’t find human and dinosaur fossils together” to assume they didn’t live together Sedimentary Rock Geologic column: a tall segment with many layers of sediment Fossils on the bottom of the column are older than those on the top. Oldest Youngest Logical Fallacy • Circular reasoning • How old is this layer? – As old as the fossil • How old is this fossil? – As old as this layer Using Fossils to Understand Relationships • The bone structure in fossils indicates how closely related organisms may be • The sequence of development the horse was determined by the location in rock and the similarities of the fossils 1. Hyracotherium 4. Merychippus 2. Orohippus 5. Pliohippus 3. Mesohippus 6. Modern day Equus Disproved • The actual series for the horse is reversed • Evolutionists now have placed most of these creatures in the lineage of camels • Once again begging the question – assuming what they are trying to prove • evolution Comparative Anatomy • Similar anatomy indicates closer relationships • Homologous structures show closer relationships Crocodile forelimb Whale forelimb Bird wing Worldviews • Evolution • Common designer • -if it does the job? Why not repeat it in other creatures? Vestigial Structures • Structures present in ancestors but no longer needed. • For example: - appendix Snake Whale - tailbones humans (4) gorilla (?) - ear muscles - pelvic girdle Snakes Whales Vestigial sturctures • In 1890 there were 190 in humans • Today there are none • vestigial- useless, then changed to not as useful as it used to be, organs that could be very very useful, but doing a different job today. Rescuing device • Current definition – Vestigial Structures • ‘any part of an organism that has diminished in size during its evolution because the function it served decreased in importance or became totally unnecessary” • Almost everything then is vestigial! • Eyebrows • Nose • Ears Biochemistry • ALL living organisms contain the same genetic code – the same four DNA nucleotides (AGCT) – The same 20 amino acids • More closely related species have more similar: – Nucleotide sequences in DNA – Amino acid sequences in their proteins All life uses the same genetic code In every living species, the codon UAC in RNA codes for the amino acid tyrosine DNA - Information • Wouldn’t a common designer use a common language for His creation? • A French novelist doesn’t write her books in Chinese does she? • Neither does she take words from all other languages and jumbles them together hoping to have it make sense Cytochrome C • • Cytochrome c is an enzyme in the mitochondria of the body. Humans have 104 amino acids in cytochrome c • • • • Chimpanzees have the identical aa sequence as humans Dogs differ in 13 of the amino acids Snakes differ by 20 amino acids. The more closely related the species, the more amino acids they will have in common. Cytochrome C – What more could you want? See the difference in species? All leading up to man R monkey Rabbit Cow Chimp Fruit fly Bullfrog Pigeon human What it is actually Fruit fly Bullfrog Pigeon Cow Rabbit R monkey Chimp Human Actually there are equidistant - Chromosomes Closely related species have similar gene sequences on chromosomes • Genetically, chimpanzees are 98.5 percent identical to humans. • However, the differences between the species are profound. • Small gene differences make for huge differences in traits Genetic Differences between Chimpanzees and Humans Why was that picture used? • 2% of our genes were used to compare to chimps • Say that the rest of our DNA is “junk” • Chimps have 24 chromosomes we have 23 • Chimps have 10% more DNA • Chimps telomeres(endcaps of genes) are twice as long as ours Embroylogy • Embryos from different species show similar features due to shared ancestry • All vertebrates have – Tails – Gill pouch Chick Human Already disproved Pharyngeal Pouches – Thymus gland - Parathyroids - Facial bone - Inner ear Yoke sac - First blood cells formed here - Baby has different blood type Tail - 3 muscles attach here - Spinal cord needs to end somewhere Microevolution watching evolution occur Sometimes, evolution occurs on a small scale that we can watch over a period of a lifetime Logical Fallacy • Replacing Evolution(goo to you) with evolution(change) • Fallacy of Equivocation • We see plenty of animals change, but not change from say a dog to a cat Microevolution In England, the industrial revolution resulted in heavy pollution and soot-covered surroundings. Eventually the trend was reversed and the pollution was reduced. Researchers studied how a species of moth with two forms adapted to its changing environment. Already Disproved • Of Moths and Men by Judith Hooper • “All we gave observed is where the moths do not spend the day. In 25 years we have only found two betularia on the tree trunks or walls adjacent to our traps” pg xvii In each environment, the form that was best camouflaged lived longer and had more offspring than the other, and eventually became the most common form. Perfect Picture! • All these moths are put on the tree by pins that you cannot see • They are dead! • Why is this still the icon of evolution? Microevolution watching evolution occur The Moth study is one example of microevolution Physiological adaptations can develop rapidly Non-resistant bacterium Antibiotic Resistant bacterium The bacteria in a population vary in their ability to resist antibiotics. When the population is exposed to an antibiotic, only the resistant bacteria survive. The resistant bacteria live and produce more resistant bacteria. Non-resistant bacterium Antibiotic Resistant bacterium Today, penicillin no longer affects as many species of bacteria because some species have evolved physiological adaptations to prevent being killed by penicillin. Beneficial mutations? • There are some beneficial mutations, as you see in the previous slide • But, it leads to a net loss of information or it had less information • Prior abilities are lost or where without an ability • Only traits already present are shown to resist the antibiotics