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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Assignments: - Study Chapter 22 - Do the MasteringBiology exercises for Chapt 22 http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/video/ Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful • A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species • Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species • Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification • Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils and Proposed catastrophism. 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1790 1870 1809 183136 Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1707 - 1778 Linnaeus developed binomial naming for species . The Galápagos Islands Paleontology Sedimentary rock layers (strata) Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils and Proposed catastrophism. 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1790 1870 1809 183136 Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1707 - 1778 Linnaeus developed binomial naming for species . The Galápagos Islands © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils and Proposed catastrophism. 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1790 1870 1809 183136 Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1707 - 1778 Linnaeus developed binomial naming for species . The Galápagos Islands Figure 22.5 Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage HMS Beagle in port Great Britain EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN The Galápagos Islands AFRICA PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Isabela 0 20 40 Kilometers Daphne Islands Pinzón Santa Santa Cruz Fe Florenza Equator SOUTH AMERICA Equator Chile PACIFIC OCEAN San Cristobal Española Andes Mtns. Marchena Brazil Malay Archipelago PACIFIC OCEAN AUSTRALIA Cape of Argentina Good Hope Cape Horn Tasmania New Zealand Figure 22.6 (b) Insect-eater (a) Cactus-eater (c) Seed-eater The Origin of Species • Darwin explained three broad observations: – The unity of life – The diversity of life – The match between organisms and their environment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Moeritherium †Barytherium †Deinotherium †Mammut †Platybelodon †Stegodon †Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 60 34 24 Millions of years ago 5.5 2 104 0 Years ago Artificial Selection Cabbage Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts Selection for axillary (side) buds Broccoli Selection for flowers and stems Selection for stems Selection for leaves Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi • Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.UN02 Observations Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Inferences Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. and Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. Natural Selection: A Summary • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time • If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence -Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change -Homology -Fossil records -biogeography © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change FIELD STUDY Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit Figure 22.13b RESULTS Beak 10 On native species, southern Florida 8 Number of individuals 6 4 2 0 Ballon vine fruit Museum-specimen average 10 On introduced species, central Florida 8 6 4 2 0 6 7 8 9 Beak length (mm) 10 11 Goldenrain tree fruit Figure 22.14 2,750,000 1 250,000 base pairs 2,500,000 Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000 Key to adaptations 2,250,000 Methicillin resistance Ability to colonize hosts 750,000 Increased disease severity 2,000,000 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 • CONCLUSION: • Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population • The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Homology • Homology is similarity resulting from common ancestry • Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor • Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammalian forelimbs: homologous structures Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat • Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo • Vestigial structures are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors Homologies and “Tree Thinking” • Evolutionary trees are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups • Homologies form nested patterns in evolutionary trees • Evolutionary trees can be made using different types of data, for example, anatomical and DNA sequence data © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.17 Branch point Lungfishes Amniotes 2 Digitbearing limbs Amnion Mammals Lizards and snakes 3 4 Homologous characteristic Crocodiles Ostriches 6 Feathers Hawks and other birds Birds 5 Tetrapods Amphibians 1 A Different Cause of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution • Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups • Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways • Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry The Fossil Record • The fossil record provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time • Fossils can document important transitions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans Other even-toed ungulates Hippopotamuses †Pakicetus †Rodhocetus Common ancestor of cetaceans †Dorudon Living cetaceans 70 60 50 40 30 20 Millions of years ago 10 0 Key Pelvis Femur Tibia Foot Eurasia Africa 65.5 South America India Madagascar Antarctica 135 Mesozoic Laurasia 251 Paleozoic Millions of years ago • Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution • Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift Cenozoic Present Biogeography What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? • In science, a theory accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena • Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions • Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.