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What is Evolution? changes in living organisms and their genes over time We KNOW based on evidence and observations explains how modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms Evolution explains BOTH unity of life - similarities between all living things AND diversity of life - wide variety of different creatures on Earth Regents Biology UNITY: All creatures have common characteristics How did we get GRSNERRT? DNA – codes for _______________ Proteins are made of _______________ Amino acids are coded for by ________ The 3 bases are called _________ Codons are translated using the “Universal” code - works for ALL living things!!!!!!! Determines ADAPTATIONS Regents Biology DIVERSITY - variation BOTH within a population and the wide variety of living things (remember classification – 6 Kingdoms) Sexual Reproduction Two parents contributing genes In Meiosis – crossing over New combinations of parents genes Mutation, mutation, mutation sometimes beneficial - determines Adaptations Regents Biology Adaptations Traits that help an individual survive – may not know it’s beneficial Physical – color, structure Behavioral – instincts, courtship Biochemical/physiological – enzymes, sweating, internal characteristics Born with adaptations – are NOT chosen GENES determine adaptations (remember genotype determines phenotype) Regents Biology Adaptations NO organisms BECOME adapted They are either born adapted or they are not. Regents Biology What determines survival? Natural Selection traits that help individuals survive survive predators survive disease compete for food compete for territory Adaptations traits that help individuals reproduce attracting a mate compete for nesting sites successfully raise young Survival & Reproduction of the Fittest Regents Biology Earlier ideas on Evolution LaMarck evolution by acquired traits creatures developed traits during their lifetime give those traits to their offspring example in reaching higher leaves giraffes stretch their necks & give the acquired longer neck to offspring not accepted as valid Regents Biology Charles Darwin 1809-1882 British naturalist Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in the Galapagos Islands Proposed a way how evolution works natural selection Regents Biology Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in Galapagos Islands 500 miles off coast of Ecuador Regents Biology Darwin found: many unique species Different shells on tortoises on different islands Darwin asked: Is there a relationship between the environment & what an animal looks like? Regents Biology The finches cinched it! different beaks are Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. Regents Biology inherited variations serve as adaptations that help birds said: compete Darwin for food Ahaaaa! these birds survive & Aeater flock of South Big Large seed ground Small Small seed ground eater Finch? Sparrow? reproduce finch finch American finches pass on the genes for were stranded on the those more fit beaks Galapagos… over time nature selected for different species with different beaks QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. Warbler Insect eater finch Woodpecker? Leaf Tree & bud finch eater Warbler? Darwin’s finches Darwin’s conclusions variations in beaks differences in beaks in the original flock adaptations to foods available on islands natural selection for most fit over many generations, the finches were selected for specific beaks & behaviors offspring inherit successful traits accumulation of winning traits: both beaks & behaviors separate into different species(speciation) Regents Biology Modern Natural Selection Overproduction – not all offspring will survive Variation – (3 sources) differences in adaptations (3 types) Competition – “struggle for survival” Environment (nature) determines which adaptations are the “fittest” Best adapted survive and reproduce – pass on the “fit” genes to next generation The gene pool changes = EVOLUTION – Not the individual Regents Biology 3 Types of Selection 1. Stabilizing 2. Directional 3. Disruptive Niche – organism’s role or “job” in an ecosystem ex: predator/prey, habitat, relationships with other organisms, when it is “active” ONLY ONE (1) species may occupy a niche at a time - total overlap results in “extinction” of the less fit from that ecosystem Regents Biology Stabilizing Selection Favors the average – decreases variation Extremes are selected against Example – spiders - too big: can be easily seen by predators; too small: can’t compete for web building sites Regents Biology Directional Selection Favors one extreme or the other Example – finch beaks – small or large food; also peppered moths Regents Biology Witness to Evolution Peppered Moth 2 types: dark vs. light Peppered moth Regents Biology Peppered moth Why did the population change? early 1800s = pre-industrial England low pollution lichen on trees = light colored bark late 1800s = industrial factories = soot coated trees killed lichen = dark colored bark mid 1900s = pollution controls clean air laws return of lichen = light colored bark Regents Biology Disruptive Selection Favors BOTH extremes at the same time Leads to speciation – two separate species forming to fill different niches ONLY one species can occupy a given niche in an ecosystem (increased competition leads to narrower niches) Regents Biology Relationship between species (beaks) & food Regents Biology Other Evidence supporting evolution 1. Fossil record shows change over time 2. Anatomical record comparing body structures homology & vestigial structures embryology & development 3. Molecular record comparing protein & DNA sequences 4. Artificial selection human caused evolution Regents Biology 1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils new layers cover older ones creates a record over time fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth Link between birds and reptiles Link between land and sea animals → supports the idea of a common ancestor Types: Regents Biology What do we know? Creatures have changed over time Fossil Record Regents Biology 2. Homologous structures Structures that come from the same origin homo- = same -logous = information Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats same structure on the inside same development in embryo different functions on the outside evidence of common ancestor Regents Biology 2. Anatomical strucures The same bones under the skin limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones Regents Biology Vestigial organs Structures on modern animals that have no function remains of structures that were functional in ancestors evidence of change over time some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors eyes on blind cave fish human tail bone Regents Biology Human vestigial organs 1. a_________________ 2. t________ b_______ 3. w_______ t_________ No longer have a function or are necessary – may have had a function at one time Regents Biology Comparative embryology Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story similar structures during development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development Regents Biology 3. Biochemical Evidence Compare DNA base sequences and chromosome banding patterns Regents Biology Regents Biology 3. Biochemical Evidence Compare amino acid sequences and 3-D structure in proteins number of amino acids different from human Regents Biology Regents Biology 1 4. Artificial selection We know natural selection can change a population? we can recreate a similar process “evolution by human selection” “descendants” Humans create the of the wolf change over time Video – Evolution in Action – Silver Foxes Regents Biology But don’t be fooled by these… Analogous structures look similar on the outside same function different structure & development on the inside different origin no evolutionary relationship Solving a similar problem with a similar solution Regents Biology Convergent evolution led to mimicry Why do these pairs look so similar? Monarch male Viceroy male poisonous edible Which is the moth vs. the bee? fly vs. the bee? Regents Biology fly bee moth bee For examples of Natural Selection – 1. ID variation in the population 2. ID type of variation (adaptation) 3. ID source of variation 4. ID selecting agent (e___________) 5. individuals with advantageous variations – survive; 6. THEN they get to reproduce 7. State which variation increases and which variation decreases Regents Biology Artificial Selection gone bad! Unexpected and often dangerous consequences of artificial selection Regents Biology Antibiotic resistance Bacteria Pesticide (and herbicide) resistance Insects And Weeds Regents Biology Insecticide resistance Spray the field, but… insecticide didn’t kill all individuals variation Insecticide did NOT cause the resistance – it’s the selecting agent resistant survivors reproduce resistance is inherited insecticide becomes less & less effective Regents Biology Regents Biology Antibiotic Resistance Regents Biology REVIEW - Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossils 2. Comparative Anatomy h______________ structures v____________ e________________ 3. Comparative Biochemistry ________ and p___________ 4. Artificial Selection b________________ i____________ and a_______________ Regents Biology Time Frame for Evolution Punctuated Equilibrium Periods of stability followed by periods of rapid change (speciation) OR extinction due to rapidly changing environment Adaptations must already exist in population Regents Biology Time Frame for Evolution Gradualism Slow, continual change due to a more stable environment Regents Biology Current Theory Recent or now Species Alive today Extinct Period of stability Change in environment Regents Biology Common Ancestor Oldest Evolutionary Time Frame Evolution is caused by changes in the environment Natural – caused by nature Artificial – caused by humans Ex: pesticide and antibiotics Evolution is faster with organisms with short life cycles AND lots of offspring Examples – insects and bacteria Regents Biology Natural Selection - Summary Adaptations – 3 types: p_________, b________, ph________________ Born with – determined by genes Variation – 3 sources: s____, c_______ o____, m________; NOT e___________ Competition – struggle for resources (food, shelter, mates) to s_________________ “Fittest” or best adapted are selected for by s___________ a_________ in the e_______________ If “fit” – reproduce and pass on g______ Gene pool evolves (NOT the individual) from selection – 3 types: s___________, d_____________, d____________ Regents Biology Summary – One more time 1. Overproduction – WAY too many offspring are produced 2. Variation – 3 sources Adaptations – DO NOT get to Choose 3 types Regents Biology Summary - Continued 3. Selection – selecting agent Natural – environment Artificial – human → “fittest” survive 4. Reproduction Pass on “fit” genes →Over time “fit” genes increase → gene pool of a population changes That is EVOLUTION!!!!! Regents Biology Study Guide Vocab, vocab, vocab!!!!!!! Evolution – unity and diversity – p.___ Darwin – Galapagos – p.____ Natural Selection – p. ____ Overproduction Variation in adaptations – 3 types, 3 sources Competition Survival of fittest – 3 types of selection – p._ Evidence of Evolution – 4 pieces – p. ____ Time Frame for Evolution – 3 theories – p. ____ Regents Biology