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Transcript
Maternal Effects P0 F1 Phenotype F2 Phenotype m/+ x m/+ Rare case m/+ x m/+ m/m m/m mutant wild-type m/m m/m mutant mutant A maternal effect is the phenomena where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of its offspring, unaltered by paternal genetic influence ABp ABa P2 EMS Immediately after cell division ABp ABa Some time after cell division P2 ABp ABp EMS ABa ABa P2 EMS P2 P2 EMS Gut No Gut Gut Five genes (mom-1, 2, 3, 4, 5) have been identified to be important for gut differentiation ABp ABa P2 mom-2 EMSmom-5 MOM-1: Drosophila PORCUPINE MOM-2: Wnt homologue MOM-3: Drosophila and human Wntless MOM-4: MAP kinase kinase kinase homologue MOM-5: Frizzled homologue WNT signaling MOM-2 MOM-5 POP-1 WNT Biogenesis MOM-2 MOM-1 MOM-3 How did the author verify that mom mutants produce more mesoderm? A. By dye staining B. By immunostaining using an antibody specific for pharyngeal muscle cell C. By polarized light D. By isolation and reconstitution experiments E. None of the above How did the authors find out where mom-2 is acting to affect EMS cell fate determination? A. By examining the cell lineage B. By antibody staining C. By genetic analysis D. By isolation and reconstitution of blastomeres E. None of the above How did the authors know that mom-2 encodes a WNT homologue A. By transformation rescue B. By antisense RNA phenocopy C. By sequencing analysis and identifying mom2 mutations in the WNT homologue D. All of the above E. None of the above What is Wnt signaling? A. It is a receptor important for cell-cell interaction B. It is a secreted protein important for cell-cell interaction C. It refers to both the receptor and the signal and the upstream and downstream components D. It has nothing to do with cell-cell signaling What did you learn most from this paper? A. What is the receptor in EMS that receives the signal from P2? B. What is the ligand that signals from P2 to EMS C. Wnt signaling can change orientation of mitotic spindle D. Genetic analysis is very powerful in identifying signaling components of a biological process E. Isolation and reconstitution of blastomeres is a powerful method to understand embryo development.
