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PASS Content Standard 1.2 An element is composed of a single type of atoms. When elements are listed in order according to the number of protons (called the atomic number), repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements with similar properties. Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist in the mid 1800s, is known as The Father of the Periodic Table QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Mendeleev's Table - 3 min Mendeleev arranged elements by increasing atomic mass, leaving blank spaces where he was sure elements Dmitri yet to be discovered Mendeleev would fit. Fifty years after Mendeleev, the British scientist Henry Moseley discovered that the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular type of atom was always the same When atoms were arranged according to increasing atomic number, the few problems with Mendeleev's table disappeared. Because of Moseley's work, the modern periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of the elements. The Periodic Law states: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Vertical columns are called Groups or Families Horizontal rows are called Periods QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Today's Table - 6 min The 1 or 2 letter symbol. The first letter is always capital case, the second letter is always small case. Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 1 - Hydrogen 6 - Carbon 2 - Helium 7 - Nitrogen 3 - Lithium 8 - Oxygen Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 9 - Fluorine 12 - Magnesium 10 - Neon 13 - Aluminum 11 - Sodium 14 - Silicon Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 15 - Phosphorus 18 - Argon 16 - Sulfur 19 - Potassium 17 - Chlorine 20 - Calcium Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 24 - Chromium 27 - Cobalt 25 - Manganese 28 - Nickel 26 - Iron 29 - Copper Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 30 - Zinc 35 - Bromine 32 - Germanium 40 - Zirconium 33 - Arsenic 47 - Silver Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 50 - Tin 78 - Platinum 53 - Iodine 79 - Gold 74 - Tungston 80 - Mercury Many periodic tables do not have the element name. 82 - Lead 87 - Francium 86 - Radon 92 - Uranium The whole number in each square. Indicates the number of protons and the number of electrons in the atom. This number is a decimal fraction in most squares. The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom. Subtract the atomic number from the mass number to find the number of neutrons. Our class wall table shows man-made elements with a white chemical symbol, all others are natural. Our class wall table shows solids in black, liquids in blue and gases in red. QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Metals & Nonmetals - 3 min Families - vertical columns contain elements with similar properties, usually determined by the number of valence electrons. One valence electron. The most active metals. React with H2O to release hydrogen gas. Kept under oil. Two valence electrons. The second-most active metals. Magnesium burns with a very bright flame. "Mag" wheels Two valence electrons. Commonly more than 1 oxidation #. Form brightly colored compounds. The "Precious" Metals Two valence electrons. Contains the Lanthanoid and Actinoid series. Their primary oxidation # is +3. All actinoid elements are radioactive. Three valence electrons. Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Four valence electrons. Carbon's unique characteristic of bonding to itself is responsible for the complex molecules of life. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Diamonds are pure carbon. Five valence electrons. Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere. Phosphorus is a key ingredient. Six valence electrons. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Oxygen supports combustion. Sulfur Seven valence electrons. Halogens easily combine with metals to form salts. The most reactive of all non-metals. Iodine Eight valence electrons. Because of their electron arrangement, they are almost completely inactive. All are colorless gases. Argon is the most abundant, making up almost one percent of the atmosphere. Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals. Metalloids touch the metal-nonmetal line on the periodic table. Silicon and Germanium are two metalloids important in the manufacture of computer chips. Their conducting characteristics allow electric circuits to be "printed" on them. The number of electron energy levels is indicated by the horizontal row on which the element is located. The shape of the table shows the sublevels. s p d f 3 4 Energy Level Overlap 5 6 4 5 An orbital can hold 2 electrons. Each orbital is represented by two element squares on the table. 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Shows the location of electrons in an atom. 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Chlorine Large numbers show energy level. Letters show sublevel. Superscripts show the number of electrons in the sublevel. 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Chlorine Can be read directly from the periodic table. Think of each square on the table as an electron. Counting the squares will give the number of electrons in each energy level and sublevel. There are two ways to check an electron configuration 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Chlorine 1 The total of the subscripts equals the atomic number of the element. 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Chlorine 17 electrons 2 The last notation represents the location of the element on the periodic table. 2 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Chlorine 3rd row p sublevel 5th element End Content Standard 1.2