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INDONESIAN FOREST FIRES AND CHALLENGING
TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION AS ONE
OF THE MAIN FACTOR TO MINIMIZE NEGATIVE
IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
BAMBANG HERO SAHARJO
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
Fire is a significant source of gases and particulate to the
atmosphere
 environmentally important gases produce by fire includes
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen.
Fire also produces large amounts of small, solid particles
or “particulate matter”, which absorb and scatter incoming
solar radiation, and hence the impact of our planet as well as
provoking a variety of human health problems
INDONESIAN FOREST FIRE
No.
Year
Remarks (ha)
1
15,510 BC-1650 AD
2
1877
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1915
1982/1983
1987
1991
1994
1997/1998
2006
Firstly recognized in
East Kalimantan
Recorded for the first
time
80,000
3,600,000
66,00
500,000
5,110,000
10-11,000,000
8,000,000
HOTSPOT SITUATION
Total hotspot detected in the year 2007 was 16,045
>> Community : 70 %
Total hotspot detected during the year 2008 was 30,704
Total hotspot detected during the year 2009 was 37,659
hotspots (until 16 November 2009):
<< the forest area about 22.6 % (8,493 hotspot)
<< non forest area 77.4 % (29,081 hotspot)
SOURCES OF FIRES
(Illegal) Shifting Cultivators
Land preparation using fire
* Forestry atctivities
* Oil palm
Logging (Illegal )
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO FIRE
Atmospheric
Atmospheric CO2 content is presently rising at 0.4-0.48 % annually,
faster than at any time in the past 500 million years
A doubling of CO2 levels in the atmosphere is expected to induce a
rise in average global temperature of between 3-4°C.
Biodiversity
> Forest fires destroy large forest area that serve as habitat for
biodiversity.
They directly eliminate plants and animals and also result in forest
degradation that leads to a decrease in the survival rate of the species.
Health impacts
Province
Population
at risk
Asthma
Bronchiti s
ARI
Death
Riau
1,701,000
41,028
7,995
199,107
75
West Sumatera
2,411,000
58,164
11,332
282,087
106
Jambi
1,478,000
35,650
6,947
172,926
65
South Sumatera
2,355,000
56,803
11,069
275,535
104
West
Kalimantan
1,478,000
44,574
8,686
216,216
74
Central
Kalimantan
716,000
17,574
3,366
83,772
29
South
Kalimantan
1,733,000
41,800
8,145
202,716
69
East
Kalimantan
118,000
2,846
555
13,806
5
12,360,000
298,125
58,095
1,446,120
527
Total
GREENHOUSE GAS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Greenhouse Gas in Southeast Asia
In 2000, Southeast Asia contributed 12% of global GHG
emissions, amounting to 5,187.2 MtCO2-eq, including emissions
from LUCF (ADB 2009).
About 59% of Southeast Asia’s GHG emissions in 2000 came from
Indonesia, mainly due to LUCF emissions (ADB 2009).
Covering almost 42% of the region’s land area and 40% of its
population, Indonesia is the biggest contributor of GHG emissions
and is therefore a key player in the struggle against the adverse
impacts of climate change.
Much of the tropical forest is affected by deforestation due to land
conversion and increasing resource use
Deforestation and biomass burning activities lead to major carbon
(C) emissions to the atmosphere
Tropical biomass burned in the late 1970s has been estimated at 5.4
Pg/year (Pg =1015 g), including 1.8 Pg/year from deforestation and
shifting cultivation
 This burning has been estimated to contribute 2.4 Pg C / year to
the atmosphere, or 30 % of the total from all sources
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING
Disasters
The green group recorded 840 ecological disasters from 2006 to
2007, leaving 7,300 people dead and 750,000 houses destroyed.
The country report presented by the Department of Public Works of
Indonesia during the COP Conference of 13 Parties in Bali in
November 2007, shows that all of disasters that hit Indonesia
between 2003-2006, 75 to 80% were induced by climatic change
Seasonal Changing
> Farmers in East Nusa Tenggara have lost 25-40% of their income
due to irregular rainfall, while fishermen in the Maluku islands have
complained of poor catches in recent years as they lose their ability to
predict sea climate and fish movement
BIODIVERSITY
Until 2007, disappearing species:
-140 species of birds,
-63 species of mammalians,
-21 species of reptilians disappeared
Until 2007, left Sumatran Rhinos about 300 while Java Rhinos
about 60.
In the next 15 years if the efforts fail to protect those elephants
hence 35 % of it will disappeared and if in the next 30 years
again if the efforts fail hence those elephants disappeared.
The rate of disappearing Orang utan predicted about 1-1.5 %
per annum in Sumatra while in Kalimantan about 1.5-2.0 %.
> Daily temperature
> IPCC (2007) put Indonesia as the country which
daily average daily temperature increase between
0.2° C – 1°C during 1970-2004 period
The increasing of sea water level
1.0 mm – 9.37 cm/year certain place (1984-2006)
> 24 small islands disappeared (2005-2007)
Greenland, September 2006
ALASKA (Patricia, 2009)
24
(CHALLENGE) TO THE EMISSION REDUCTION
>>>
INDONESIA (BAPPENAS,2009)
emissions from oxidation of 220 Mt CO2/yr
fire emissions estimate of 470 Mt CO2/yr
loss of AGB of 210 Mt CO2/yr
How (?)
Fire prevention
 Agroforestry and Land Use Change
 Grassland management
 Peatland Management and Restoration of Organic Soill
 Restoration of Degraded Lands
CONCLUSION
Forest and land fires in Indonesia direct or indirectly well
recognized as one of the main contributor to deforestation and land
conversion which responsible for mostly of greenhouse gas produced
which finally related with the global climate change.
The negative impact of global climate change directly or indirectly
believed occurred in Indonesia as it can be seen through many
significant sign.
To solve the problem, reduction of forest and land fire occurs and
land conversion hopefully is one of the reasonable action and
prevention efforts is the best solution through community
involvement.
PLEASE HELP US !!!!!!!