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Global Warming Ch. 13 Section 3 Greenhouse Effect • Sunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere • Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the atmosphere – Some heat escapes – Some heat is trapped by Greenhouse Gases • Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide • Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s surface, warming the air. • Without this Earth would be too cold to live on • However, too many greenhouse gases can trap too much heat. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases - gases that absorb and radiate heat • • • • • Water vapor Carbon Dioxide CFC’s Methane Nitrous oxide • Water vapor and CO2 absorb the most heat in the atmosphere CO2 • Most is absorbed by the ocean or used by plants during Photosynthesis • Therefore, CO2 levels fluctuate with the season – Summer = less CO2 ---------------------------------------------– Winter = more CO2 ------------------------------------------------ • WHY??? CO2 Levels There has been a significant rise in CO2 in the atmosphere in the last 50 years due to burning fossil fuels Ice Core Samples • Can determine the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere thousands of years ago CO2 and Temperature • Because CO2 holds more heat than other gases in the atmosphere, scientists think that more CO2 means greater global temperatures • Therefore… • Burning = more CO2 = Higher temps. Temp. and CO2 Levels srgsgsfgfsg Consequences of Global Warming • Birds nesting earlier • Flowering earlier – more allergies • Change weather patters – Droughts and flooding – More hurricanes and typhoons • Rising sea level – Flooding of coastal areas – Erosion of beaches – Increase in salinity in aquifers • More mosquitoes that carry diseases Consequences of Global Warming • Agriculture – Most severely effected – Decreased crop yield – Could need more irrigation • Animals – Shift their geographical range – Reduce the number of zooplankton IPCC • International Panel on Climate Change – Average global temp. increased by 0.6oC last century – Snow cover and ice have decreased – Global sea level has risen Kyoto Protocol • 1997, 160 countries • Requires countries to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions by 5% by 2012 • We did sign, then Bush unsigned us Ch. 13 Section 1 Objectives • Explain the difference between weather and climate. • Identify four factors that determine climate. • Explain why different parts of the Earth have different climates. • Explain what causes the seasons Weather vs. Climate • Weather – what is happening right at that moment – It is cloudy and raining outside • Climate – the average weather over a long period of time – We live in a hot, dry area Latitude - distance north or south from the equator • Determines what type of climate an area has • The further from the equator the ________ the temperature. Latitude • Daylight hours depend on your latitude – Equator = 12 day and 12 night – Close to the poles = all day or all night part of the year Atmospheric Circulation • • • • Warm air rises Cold air sinks Warm air hold more water vapor When it cools the water vapor condenses into precipitation El Nino • When warm and cold water masses change location in the Pacific Ocean for a short time • Causes increased rainfall in the southern US, but causes droughts in Indonesia and Australia • La Nina – exact opposite • Pacific Decadal Oscillation – a long term El Nino Topography influences on climate • Topography is the shape of the earth’s surface • As elevation increases temperature drops Solar Maximum and Volcanoes • Solar Maximum – sun emits more ultraviolet radiation, warming the earth • Vocanoes – dust and such can block out some of the sun cooling the earth Seasonal Climate Change • Seasons change due to the tilting of earth as it goes around the sun. Section 2 Objectives • Explain why Earth’s atmosphere is like the glass in a greenhouse. • Explain why carbon dioxide in the atmosphere appears to be increasing. • Explain why many scientists think that the Earth’s climate may be becoming increasingly warmer. • Describe what a warmer Earth might be like. Ozone layer - are where ozone (three oxygen atoms) is concentrated in the stratosphere • Act like sunscreen for the earth • Block out UV rays that harm genetic material Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) • The miracle chemical • 1970’s they were used for – Coolants – Deodarants – Hairspray, etc. • However, at high elevations CFC’s break apart and the parts destroy and combine with ozone molecules • 1 CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules The Hole • First reported in 1985 over the South pole – Ozone had shrunk by 50 – 98% – Why over south pole? How it effects humans • • • • Worse sunburns More eye cataracts Immune system repression (UV-B) More skin cancer Montreal Protocol - 1987 • Representative of 36 Nations • Reduce CFC emissions (only) by 35% between 1989 – 2000 • Now signed by 177 countries • Global Cooperation Does Work!!! Differences between Global Warming and Ozone depletion • Different type of radiation: –Infrared vs. Ultraviolet • Different effect: –earth warming vs. health problems • Ozone depletion does not cause global warming directly • But, it can effect oceans uptake of CO2 Do not confuse them Skin Cancer Let’s take a skin cancer quiz!!! Skin cancer comes in many shapes and sizes • Things to watch for – – – – Shiny or waxy lump Firm red lumps Lump that bleeds and does not heal Itchy red spot that might be tender (not eczema) Overt eyes if squeamish Squamous cell • upper skin layer, caused by sunlight and tanning beds, usually curable if treated early, but it can metastasize Basal cell • deeper layer of skin, most common form, usually caused by sun and tanning lamps, Malignant melanoma Worst kind! • ABCDE rule – A = asymmetry – B = borders – C = color – D = diameter, over 5mm – E = elevation Risk factors • Skin type • Sun/tanning exposure • Freckles • Family History How to prevent it • • • • • • • Sunscreen Wear hats Take vitamins (folic acid) Eat vegetables Drink Green Tea Eat Fish Eat whole grains