Download 6-4 Charting a Course for the Future

Biology
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for the Future
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Ozone Depletion
What are two types of global change of
concern to biologists?
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6-4 Charting a Course
for the Future
Researchers are gathering data to monitor
and evaluate the effects of human activities
on important systems in the biosphere. Two
of these systems are:
• the ozone layer high in the atmosphere
• the global climate system
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Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion
Between 20 and 50 kilometers above Earth's
surface, the atmosphere contains a relatively high
concentration of ozone gas. This layer of the
atmosphere is called the ozone layer.
The ozone layer absorbs a good deal of harmful
ultraviolet, or UV, radiation from sunlight before it
reaches Earth's surface.
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Ozone Depletion
Exposure to UV can:
• cause cancer
• damage eyes
• decrease organisms' resistance to disease
• damage plant leaf tissue and phytoplankton in the
oceans
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Ozone Depletion
Early Evidence
In the 1970s, scientists discovered a hole in the
ozone layer over Antarctica.
After it was first discovered, the ozone hole grew
larger.
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Ozone Depletion
A similar ozone hole also appeared over the Arctic.
In 1974, a research team published data showing
that gases called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs,
could damage the ozone layer.
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Ozone Depletion
One Solution
CFCs were once widely used:
• as propellants in aerosol cans
• as coolant in refrigerators, freezers, and air
conditioners
• in the production of plastic foams
The U.S. and other nations began reducing the use of
CFCs in 1987, and eventually banned them.
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Ozone Depletion
Since the ban, the level of CFCs in the atmosphere
has decreased, indicating that the ban will have
positive, long-term effects on the global environment.
Current data predict that the ozone holes should
shrink and disappear within 50 years.
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Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change
All life on Earth depends on climate conditions
such as temperature and rainfall.
Many ecologists are concerned about strong
evidence that climate is changing.
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Global Climate Change
Since the late 19th century, average temperatures
have risen about 0.6 Celsius degrees.
Data indicate that since 1980, average temperatures
have risen between 0.2 and 0.3 Celsius degrees.
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Global Climate Change
The term used to describe the increase in the
average temperature of the biosphere is global
warming.
One sign of global warming is melting polar ice.
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Global Climate Change
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Global Climate Change
Evidence of Global Warming
The geological record shows that Earth’s climate
has changed repeatedly during its history.
Researchers must determine whether the current
warming trend is part of a larger, natural cycle of
climate change, or whether it is caused by human
activity.
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Global Climate Change
A widely accepted hypothesis is that current warming
is related, in part, to human activities that add carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere.
The burning of fossil fuels, along with the cutting and
burning of forests, adds carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere faster than the carbon cycle removes it.
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Global Climate Change
Data show that concentrations of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere have been rising for 200 years.
As a result, the atmosphere’s natural greenhouse
effect is intensified, causing the atmosphere to retain
more heat.
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Global Climate Change
Possible Effects of Global Warming
Most recent computer models suggest that
average global surface temperatures will increase
by 1 to 2 Celsius degrees by the year 2050.
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Global Climate Change
Sea levels may rise enough to flood coastal areas,
affecting coastal ecosystems as well as human
communities.
Parts of North America may experience more
droughts during the summer growing season.
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Global Climate Change
New organisms may be able to live in places where
they once could not.
Other organisms may become threatened or extinct
in areas where they once thrived.
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
Ecosystems provide many goods and services,
such as water purification and waste recycling.
Ecosystems are also a reservoir of organisms that
may one day provide humans with new medicines
and new crops.
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
People can make wise choices in the use and
conservation of resources.
• Avoid using more water than necessary.
• Plant trees to replace those that have been cut
down.
• Recycle and reuse trash and other wastes.
• Safely remove hazardous materials.
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An increase in the average temperature of the
biosphere is called
a. the greenhouse effect.
b. global warming.
c. ozone depletion.
d. climate control.
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The geological record indicates that Earth’s
climate has
a. remained essentially the same throughout
history.
b. been constant until humans have influenced
the environment.
c. changed dramatically every 150 years.
d. repeatedly changed over its history.
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A possible effect of global warming is
a. extinction of organisms in areas where they
once thrived.
b. an increase in global surface temperature of
20 Celsius degrees.
c. a sharp decrease in the temperature of the
waters off the coast of California.
d. complete elimination of the protective ozone
layer in the atmosphere.
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Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer
results in
a. a decrease in the amount of heat that
reaches the surface.
b. a decrease in the amount of UV radiation
that reaches the surface.
c. an increase in the amount of rainfall.
d. an increase in the amount of UV radiation
that reaches the surface.
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The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the
a. addition of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
b. increase in UV radiation from the sun.
c. addition of chemicals developed for use in
refrigeration and aerosol cans.
d. increase in the amount of smog produced
by automobiles.
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