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Korea’s Green Growth Controversy and SD Policies of Seoul 2012. 4 Wang-Jin Seo Contents Sustainable Development (SD) and Green Growth in Korea Green Growth Controversy in Korea Seoul’s Challenges toward SD Seoul’s Climate Change Action Seoul’s Sustainable Energy Action: “Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant” 2 SD and Green Growth in Korea 3 From SD to Green Growth in Korea • Participation into the UNCED in Rio (1992) • Participation into UNCSD annually since 1993 • Establishment of ‘Local Agenda 21’ by Local Governments in accordance with the ‘Agenda 21’ recommendations • President Kim Dae-jung announced ‘Sustainable Development’ as the basis of national governance (2000) • ‘Presidential Commission on Sustainable Development (PCSD)’ in which government, businesses and civil groups participate organized (2000) 4 From SD to Green Growth in Korea • President Roh Moo-hyun reorganized PCSD focusing on resolution of social and environmental conflicts (2003) • Establishment of the Framework Act on Sustainable Development (2007) • President Lee Myung-bak from Grand National Party, a conservative party won presidential election in 2007 • Lee Myung-bak administration declared ‘Low Carbon, Green Growth’ as a new vision and strategy for realization of ‘Sustainable Development’ (2008) 5 Vision of Low-carbon Green Growth Improvement of quality of life 1 4 Efficient greenhouse gas reduction 5 2 Promotion of energy independence 3 Improvement of climate change adaptation capacity Green technology development Fostering green industry 6 Advancement of industrial structure 7 Infrastructure development for green economy 8 Construction of green land & transportation 9 Green innovation in daily lives 10 Realization of global green growth leader Top 5 Policy Directions and Promotion Plans 1 Efficient greenhouse gas reduction Nation’s GHG reduction goal setting and management GHG Carbon information disclosure and management (’09) Mid-term goal setting→ (’10~) Goal management GHG information management system Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Growth rate 6.5% Job creation (x 10,000 jobs) 2.5 2.1 7.8 1.0 ‘09 ’10~ ‘11 ’12~‘13 • Experts such as greenhouse gas inspection & certification expert • green consultant ’09~’13 Afforesting sea forest development Promotion of carbon cycle (Carbon-3R) and carbon sink Carbon storage of the forest : (’09)1,452 (’13)1,613 million tCO2 Support on forest recovery in North Korea North Korea’s afforestation area : (’09) 50,000 ha (’13) 2 Enhancing Energy independence Energy efficiency and demand side management Promotion of industrialization of new & renewable energy Elimination of low-efficiency equipment : No more incandescent lamp by 2013 Total energy use management system(’10) Expansion of intelligent electricity network: Designation of test-bed city (2011) New & renewable energy use rate : (’09)2.%, (’13)3.8% Green Home Project : 140,000 households(2013)→1M households (2020) Energy Town Project: 1 (2009) 14 towns (2020) solar thermal green home Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Growth rate 3.6% 6.5 5.6 2.8 ‘09 ’10~ ‘11 ’12~‘13 Expansion of overseas resources development Oil & gas self-development rates : 7.4% (2009) 20% (2013) Job creation (x 10,000 jobs) wind power generation fuel cell • Waste resources energy development engineers • nuclear power generation engineers • resources development & ’09~’13 support engineers 20.8 Improvement of reliability and expansion of nuclear power plant Export of the first nuclear power plant during the project period (1 or 2 plant(s) or more) Development of nuclear power technology (2012) 3 Improvement of climate change adaptation capacity Development of marine management & preliminary disaster prevention system The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project improvement of water quality The amount of water resources secured : (’09)186 (’13)200billion m2 Quality of four major rivers: use of marine energy securing 2nd grade by 2012 sufficient water Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Growth rate 20.4% 21.3 10.1 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13 Improvement of the soundness of forest ecosystem National forest resources: 862 million (2009) 953 million㎥ (2013) disaster prevention Job creation (x 10,000 jobs) 50.6 4.8 ‘09 Evaluation of coastal vulnerability : (’09) (’13)800km2 Disaster response capability : (’09)40% (’13)60% • Climate change adaptation • expertswater industry engineers Development of climate change monitoring & prediction technique Climate change prediction & monitoring capacity : (’09)40% (’13)80% ’09~’13 Establishment of climate-friendly health management & food production system Health management strategy (2009) Environment-friendly agricultural products: 4.5% (2009) 10% (2013) 4 Development of green technology as a growth engine Expansion of green R&D investments Commercialization of core green technologies Increase of green technology R&D investments: (2009) 16% (2013) 20% Commercialization of LED, hybrid vehicle, advanced light-water reactor and fuel cell by 2012 Improvement of Green IT: Green of IT, Green by IT Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Growth rate 5.1% Job creation (x 10,000 jobs) 5.0 4.3 Development & export of the world’s top three green IT products (Green PC, TV and Server) (2012) • Plant engineering, technology commercialization & 9.4 manufacturing, facilities & construction workers 2.0 ‘09 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13 ’09~’13 “Green TCS* System” Expansion of green technology & infrastructure Establishment of world-class green technology information system *TCS: Testing, Certification, Standard Fostering green technology experts and international cooperation Green technology engineers: 20,000 (2009) 37,000 engineers (2013) Establishment of East Asia Green Technology Standard Council (2013) 5 Promotion and fostering of green industry Green partnership between enterprises Expansion of green industrial complexes – improvement of green capacity for small & mid-size enterprises No. of green industry complexes: 5(2009) 10(2013) (Waste recycling, high-efficiency facilities & equipment, IT-based management system, etc.) Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Growth rate 6.7% 1.8 No. of businesses participating in the green partnership : 685(2009) 1,500(2013) Green Partner Job creation (x 10,000 jobs) 2.0 4.9 0.8 ‘09 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13 Greening core industries and expansion of green business Greening core nine industries (petrochemical, steel, etc.) Percentage of green export: 10% (2009) 15% (2013) • Green diagnosis consultant • green growth expert for small & mid-sized enterprise ’09~’13 Development of resources-recycling economy & promotion of urban mining Resource recycling rates: 15% (2009) 17% (2013) Support on urban mining-related R&D: KRW 9 billion (2009) KRW 37.5 billion (2013) Green Growth Controversy in Korea 12 Low-carbon Green Growth and Nuclear Power Renaissance Steady growth with Reduction of CO2 minimization of energ emissions even with y consumption same energy use Development of ‘green energy’ into new growth engine • Shift to low-energy consumption industry • Improvement of energ y efficiency • Setting energy-saving goals in manufacture and buildings • Expansion of green technology R&D investment • Fostering green industry including new and renewable energy • Expansion of new and renewable energy • Expansion of clean energy use including nuclear energy • Reduction of CO2 emissions Expansion of nuclear power generations Percentage of nuclear power among total electricity: 35.5%(2007) 59.0%(2030) Nuclear power-dependent structure Aggressive nuclear power expansion policy A total of 21 nuclear reactors in operation (2011) 13 reactors to be constructed additionally by 2024 Highest nuclear power density: 182.2kW/km2 (Japan: 127.2kW/km2) Concentration of power generation facility investments in nuclear power plants Category 2011~2024 Percentage Nuclear power KRW 29.9748 trillion 68% Coal KRW 9.9889 trillion 23% LNG KRW 4.1394 trillion 9% Pumping-up KRW 51.3 billion 0% Total KRW 44.1544 trillion 100% 15 Ring of Nuclear and Korea No. of nuclear reactors in China: 228 (13: In operation, 27: Under construction, 188: Under review for additional construction) No. of nuclear reactors in Japan: 69 (construction plan included) The Four Rivers Project Goals • To secure abundant water resources against potential water scarcity; • To implement a comprehensive flood control system; • To improve water quality and restore the ecosystems; and • To create multi-use open spaces for People Project scopes • Total 170 construction zones • 16 movable weirs • Dredging : total 450 million m3 17 18 19 20 21 22 Seoul’s Challenges toward SD 23 City of Seoul is Capital of Korea for 600 years ; political, economic and cultural center Facing environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization such as increasing population, houses, and cars Affected by climate change challenges caused by intensifying global warming 1,062 1044 297 250 119 836 240 192 98 20.6 8.5 (1960) (1980) (1990) Population (10K) (2010) (1975) (1980) (1990) 46 (2010) No. of registered cars (10K) (1960) (1980) (2000) (2010) No. of houses (10K) Air Quality Seoul is surrounded by high mountains – difficult to diffuse air Affected by various air polluting factors such as increasing number of cars and yellow dust phenomenon Lower air pollution by implementing projects such as increasing use of clean fuel and promoting low pollution for diesel cars Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) level reached advanced nations’ level Particulate matter (PM10) level is higher than that of advanced nations Yellow Dust PM10 (㎍/㎥) 80 Max. Concentration12 ( ㎍/㎥) 60 No. of monitored days 2,941 ㎍/㎥ 11 12 15 11 9 1157 ㎍/㎥ 6 40 PM10 (㎍/㎥) 20 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1,355 ㎍/㎥ 511 ㎍/㎥ 623 ㎍/㎥ 1354 ㎍/㎥ 5 1,059 ㎍/㎥ 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 25 Green Park Green axis and forests are destroyed in the process of urbanization – house and road construction Expanded green space by increasing parks and green space continuously and conserving forests Not enough green parks in community area Park space per capita ㎡/capita 30 Parks in Seoul (2009) 29.7 Other Parks 18.61㎢ (11%) 24.5 24.2 20 10 Neighborhood Parks 45.52㎢ Parks in Seoul 169.05㎢ (27%) Natural Parks 16.05 10.4 10.3 4.5 4.5 104.92㎢ (62%) 0 Toronto Berlin LondonSeoul Paris New Tokyo Beijing York 26 Greenhouse Gases GHG Emissions (’08) : Emissions in Seoul is 50,383K ton CO2e (1990 baseline year: emission 44,983K ton CO2e), 5,400K ton CO2e (12.0%) increase compared to 1990 level Industry 5,454 11% Other 3,219 6% Transporta tion 10,785 21% Building Transportation 가정·상 업 (56.7%) Industry Building 30,924 62% Other 수송 (24.9%) <GHG Emissions by Sector(`08)> Buildings and transportation account for more than 80% of GHG emissions in Seoul – Building: 61.4%, Transportation: 21.4%, Industry: 10.8%, Waste: 6.4% * Buildings (68.2%) and transportation (23.6%) account for over 90% of annual energy consumption (45,761K ton CO2e) 27 Seoul’s Climate Change Action 28 Long term Climate Change & GHG Reduction Goals Set climate change visions for 2030 [Eco-Friendly Energy Declaration(‘07.4) set goals for 2020] Announced 2030 Green Design Seoul (‘09.7) Set aggressive GHG reduction goals, similar to those of Annex 1 countries Provide visions for low carbon, low energy city, responding to climate change Seoul GHG reduction goal : 40% reduction by 2030 (1990 baseline year) Energy consumption : 20% reduction by 2030 (2000 baseline year) Renewable energy use : 20% increase by 2030 Reduce energy consumption Increase renewable energy use 15% 20% 20% 25% 0.6% 2000 Baseline yr 2020 2030 Reduce GHG emissions 2004 40% 10% 2020 2030 1990 2020 Baseline yr 2030 29 29 Set Climate Change Ordinance (‘08.9) Stipulate Seoul’s GHG reduction goals Apply Seoul Green Architecture Standard Lay foundation for management of Climate Change Fund ※ First regulation to be set in Korea without higher law Climate Change Fund / Secured financing for stronger public support Increase financing : 64.8billion KRW (’09) ⇒ 93 billion KRW(’11) Expand beneficiary : Grant loans to GHG reduction and renewable energy projects Basic ground for implementation of comprehensive measures – climate change, energy, and transportation demand management 30 Set ground for climate change monitoring Enhance capacity to address climate change AWS Automate weather monitoring system (’09. 1) : Install 26 AWS (Automatic Weather System) Produce Seoul Climate Change Map (’06~ ’08) Use as basic data to establish climate change plans and eco-friendly urban management policies Create emissions database – Seoul GHG inventory (’09) Update database & establish “GHG management system” (’11.5) Build Climate Change R&D Center (Seoul Development Institute, ’09. 1) Enhance climate change and energy related research, improve policy development capacity 31 Implementation directions of climate change action plans Improve building energy efficiency, promote energy saving and eco-friendly design & maintenance Improve public transportation system, Transportation deliver eco-friendly green cars, install bicycle facilities Building Mitigation Adaptation Energy Save energy, use renewable energy, increase clean fuel and collective energy supply Waste Reduce waste generation, encourage recycling, co-use resource recovery facility Improving Greening projects, stream & ecosystem restoration projects Climate Public Prepare for heat wave and tropical night phenomenon, Healthcare prevent contagious diseases Water Management Water quantity and quality management, rainwater recycling Flood Control Citizen Participation Reinforce facilities to prepare for torrential rainfalls, prevent flooding Environmental education at homes & schools, encourage Citizen Participation citizen participation programs – Eco-mileage, CAP, etc. 32 Seoul’s Sustainable Energy Action: “Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant” 33 Why ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’? Low self-sufficiency rates (3.3%) Dramatic increase in demand for electricity Increase in citizens’ anxiety after Fukushima’s nuclear nightmare Severe climate changes such as global warming Improvement of energy security to be prepared against electricity crisis Necessary to prevent possible nuclear power accidents completely Necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Reduction of energy consumption as much as the amount of power produced by each nuclear power reactor through decrease in demand for energy and expansion of energy production ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’ Vision Vision Establishment of the ground 2014 for energy independence 10% targeting the world climate environmental capital 2020 25% - Power self-sufficiency rates: 10% (2014) 25% (2020) Goal ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’ Reduction of 2 million TOE by 2014 Electricity 750,000 TOE (8,720GWh) Petroleum and city gas 1,250,000 TOE * The annual power generation of Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plant Unit 5 (the biggest nuclear power reactor in Korea, 1GWh): 8,672GWh Goal Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant Decrease in energy demand Energy production 610,000 TOE Electricity: 260,000 TOE (3,023GWh)) Heat: 350,000 TOE 1,390,000 TOE Elec.: 490,000 TOE (5,697GWh) Petroleum: 350,000 TOE City gas: 550,000 TOE Policies(77projects in six fields) Expansion of new & renewable energy production promotion building energy efficiency establishing high-efficiency transportation system creation of energy industryrelated jobs restructure of urban space into energysaving space creation of energy-saving citizens culture Establishment and operation of energy foundation Creation of energy-saving citizens’ culture 01 10 Construction of ‘Sunlight City (260MW)’ (the city itself is a huge PV power generation plant) 02 09 03 Creation of 44,000 08 energy industry-related jobs Top 10 ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’ projects 07 100,000 people participating in the car-sharing program Strict design standards such as limit on energy consumption for new buildings Construction of ‘Distributed Power System (320MW)’ through development of hydrogen fuel cell 06 04 05 Improvement of energy efficiency in residence, building and schools Realization of ‘Smart Lighting City’ using LED (distribution of 7 million LED lights) Establishment of ‘2030 Urban Master Plan’ for construction of energyefficient urban space “We build a city which itself is a huge PV power generation plant.” – Sunlight City Expansion of the number of the PV Sunlight Power Generation Plants : 230MW by 2014 - 1,600 plants (ex: Public organizations, schools, etc.) : 130MW - 6,500 plants (ex: Residence, office buildings, etc.) : 100MW Construction of ‘Nanum Power Plant’ to go with a local society : 30MW by 2014 (26 plants in total) Production and use of ‘Seoul Sunlight Map’ Construction of energy self-sufficiency village - Survey on PV potential and installation area - Formation of local community or cooperatives - Use of the revenue on energy welfare : 25 villages by 2014 - Seongdaegol Village (Dongjak-gu), - Seongmisan Village (Mapo-gu), - Seowon Village (Gangdong-gu), etc Introduction of ‘Seoul Power Generation Financial Aid System’ to promote the distribution of small PV installations “We dramatically enhance building energy efficiency.” * 2012 -→ 2014 BRP in high-energyconsumption mid-size and large buildings: 1,221 building 700 1,221 buildings Improvement of old and outdated public facilities 10 schools 262 buildings 10,000 houses 30 schools 842 buildings 700 building BRP targeting 10,000 detached houses Construction of low-carbon green schools BRP (Municipal social welfare facilities) Eco-School (elementary, middle and high) Project 59 facilities (completed 100%) 30 facilities 30 schools 2,500 houses Home-visit energy diagnosis service: 50,000 households, 1,500 small buildings) 60 schools X 50,000 X 1,500 Improvement of energy-saving systems such as insulated windows, LED lighting and heating & cooling system “ We improve energy-saving systems such as insulated windows, LED lighting and heating & cooling system.” Construction of ‘Smart Lighting City’ through a perfect harmony between IT and lighting - Development of integrated outdoor lighting control system (ON-OFF, Dimming) - Establishment of ‘Outdoor Lighting Brightness Standards (2013)’: Expansion of the LED distribution in public sector : 815,000 units by 2014 Public buildings and road : 309,000 units Subway station (completed 100%) : 450,000 units Underground mall (completed 100%) : 16,000 units - Expansion of the percentage of LED lighting For new buildings: 30-40% (2011) 100% (2014) Expansion of the LED distribution in civil sector Underground parking lots of apartments and large commercial buildings: 2 million units Multipurpose facilities such as discount stores and departments stores: 5 million units LED Hall: Najin Store (2012 – 2015) Replacement of lighting sources (signboard, security lamp, street lamp, etc.) with high-efficiency ones The number of LED and solar cell-used signboards: 3,000 annually 16,500 LED security lamps in residence areas Replacement of old street lamps with energy-saving lamps: 140,000 Early distribution of LED lights by attracting private investments (investment first, revenue later) through LED Association “We build environment-friendly, high-efficiency transportation system.” Promotion of car-sharing program Promotion of ‘Weekly No Driving Day’ campaign in large buildings : 25,000 people (500 cars) (2012) 100,000 people (2,000 cars) - Priority on public parking lot ticket : 200 lots (2012) 1,200 lots (2014) - Operation of car-sharing information website and electric vehicle grant, etc. * Reduction of KRW 2,038,000 annually if a car-sharing program is used : 1,380 buildings (2012) 6,900 (2014) - 50% of the buildings which are subject to traffic occurrence charges (9% at present) (SONATA model / Maintenance 10 years) Purchase 2.0 Possession Passenger Car 2,850 Basic Rate 110 2,100 Annual Rate 4,701 1,908 KRW6,850,000 Car Sharing KRW 4,812,000 Restriction on car use : Reduction of traffic volume : 8,260,000 cars (2009) 7,760,000 cars (2014) - Increase in traffic occurrence charges (KRW 350 1,000), increase in traffic occurrence indexes, expansion of local governor’s coordination rights (100% 200%), Increase in parking fee in urban & commercial area parking lots (2013) - Expansion and increase in congestion charges Shift of perception from ‘possession’ to ‘use’ through the introduction of car-sharing program Effects Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions : 7,130,000 CO2 - 7,130km2 afforestation effect: 1,584 times greater than Yeouido (4.5km) Economic benefits: KRW 2.1 trillion -Petroleum import substitution: 15.6 million Energy savings :2 million TOE bl. * Total project cost (KRW 3.4 trillion) will be fully collected by 2015. Job creation: 44,000 jobs Improvement of power self-sufficiency rates: 10% by 2014 2010 2014 3.3% 10% One nuclear reactor will be shut down by 2014 2012 2013 2014 One nuclear reactor annually since 2015 2015 2016 Thank you 44