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NCSCOS Goal 2.02 On the Ionian and Aegean Sea How will this shape their life? Used sea as “roads” Trade!! Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece How is this going to influence them? Created many small “communities” Kept them separate Little farming Not united Separate lands of Greek speaking people Minoans Island of Crete Elaborate and elegant civilization Early Writing System: “Linear A” (Undecipherable) Canon? Mycenae fortress capital Led by warrior kings Invaded Minoans on Crete Kept some Minoan culture Value of trade Writing system Legends becomes part of religion The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E. 1200 BC Mycenaean kings fight 10 year war against Troy Paris (prince of Troy) kidnapped Helen (queen of Sparta) Trojan Horse Mycenaean civilization collapse after war Dorians move into area Greek ancestors Trade fell Economy collapse No written records Polis—fundamental political unit Agora—public center Acropolis—fortified hilltop Monarchy—rule by king or queen Aristocracy—rule by small group of nobles Oligarchy—rule by few powerful people Some representative governments too. Shift from bronze to iron More “common” people can afford to fight How does this affect rule? Hoplites—foot soldiers Phalanx—military formation Tyrants (powerful individuals) take over Conquered by Spartans Made Messenians helots (slaves) Demanded half years crop Did not value individuality No artistic expression Men At 7 trained in military Marched barefooted Girls Ran, wrestled, played sports, gymnastics Managed estates (homes) while husband was governing Assembly of free adult males Council of Elders—proposed laws Five elected officials (ephors) carried out laws Two kings ruled military Social groups Native peoples Free non-citizens Helots slaves Clashes b/t aristocrats Encourage export of and commoners Cylon—commoners stopped a tyranny Draco(621 BC)—wrote first set of laws grapes and olives High demand for these Pisistratus(546 BC)— b/co tyrant Provided funds to peasants for farming Contracts and property ownership Solon(594 BC)—chosen to lead gov. Outlawed debt slavery Any citizen can bring charges Taxed agricultural production Gave jobs to poor Made Athens a true democracy Increase power of assembly Broke up nobility Allowed all to propose laws Created Council of Five Hundred Proposed laws Counseled the assembly Unlike Sparta Citizens participated directly in government Only free adult males were citizens Women, slaves, and foreigners few rights Darius (Persian) and Athens Retaliation for Athens helping Ionian Greeks Explain 490 BC—Persian fleet fight Athenians at Marathon Greek Phalanxes defeat Persians Runner sent to Athens to tell the story Pheidippides Don’t give up Athens Mountain pass Athens 480 BC—Xerxes (Darius’ Themistocles plan son) invades Greece Greece too weak to fight Persians meet no resistance Spartans held off Persians while Greeks retreated (Movie 300) Abandon Athens and fight at sea Xerxes fires Athens Meets Athenians in channel around island of Salamis Persian ships too big to maneuver Athens ships defeat Persians Confidence Freedom Athens controls alliance (140 city states) Delian League Drove Persians out of area Athens's navy controls league Wise statesman Great speaker Respected general Led for 32 years 461-429 BC—”AGE OF PERICLES” Increase # of paid officials Direct democracy—citizens rule directly Build huge navy 200 ships Kept safety of empire Overseas trade Grain Other raw materials not found in Greece Beautification projects Gold, ivory, marble Paid artisans (15 years of work) Built the Parthenon Phidias Temple for Athena The Parthenon The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers Spartans and Athenians Go to War Athens superior at sea Spartans superior on land Sparta burns Athenian food supply Pericles brings residents into city walls Food supply safe if ships can come into port Two reasons 1. plague kills 1/3-2/3 of Athens's pop. 2. Athenian soldiers defeated at Syracuse 413 BC 404 BC Athens and allies surrenders Confidence in Democracy falters uncertainty gives rise to Philosophers Based on 2 assumptions 1. universe put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws 2. people can understand through logic and reason Sophists Questioned peoples beliefs Protagoras Questioned traditional Greek gods Encouraged Greeks to examine themselves People did not understand his ideas Brought to trial at 70 Corrupting Athens youth Neglecting the city’s gods Sentenced to death Drank poison Student to Socrates Wrote conversations with Socrates Wrote The Republic Ideal society and Not democratic Smartest of ruling class Philosopher-King Questioned nature of world, human belief, thought and knowledge Developed method for arguing using logic (scientific method) taught Alexander the Great when he was a child Greek’s greatest story teller Blind Iliad and the Odyssey Set in Trojan War Tragedy and Comedy First theaters in west Tributes to gods and Greek civic pride Wealthy paid for plays Civic duty Sculptures Graceful, strong, perfectly formed Body in motion Values of order, balance, proportion Classical Art Athena in Parthenon 38 feet tall Gold and ivory King of Macedonia Tough people Related to Greeks Greeks looked down on them Organized peasants into great army phalanx Great general and politician Defeated northern opposition Wanted Greece Greeks were warned—Demosthenes City-states would not join together Battle of Chaeronea—decisive battle Alexander led cavalry charge 18 years old Philip killed at daughters wedding Former guard 336 BC Alexander takes over Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.E. Kept Greece in check Thebes Educated by Aristotle Defeat of Persia Granicus River Alexander defeats Persians Issus Ordered troops to break through Persian lines Darius III ran away Alexander controls Anatolia 322 BC Alexander dies when returns home Fever 3 Generals take over Antigonus—king of Macedonia Ptolemy—pharaoh of Egypt Seleucid—king of old Persian Empire Alexander’s conquests ended independent Greek city states Alexander the Great’s Empire Trade in the Hellenistic World Category Attractions Astronomy Geometry Philosophy Art 3 Facts or Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Eratosthenes (size of world), inner workings of human body, movement of stars Geometry Euclid (ideas of Geometry), Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump water out of ships Philosophy Stoicism (reason, self discipline, personal morality), Cynicism (reject pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek pleasure, avoid pain) Art love stories, Nike, convey emotion and movement