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NCSCOS Goal 2.02
 On the Ionian and Aegean Sea
 How will this shape their life?
 Used sea as “roads”
 Trade!!
 Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece
 How is this going to influence them?
 Created many small “communities”
 Kept them separate
 Little farming
 Not united
 Separate lands of Greek speaking people
 Minoans
 Island of Crete
 Elaborate and elegant civilization
Early Writing System:
“Linear A” (Undecipherable)
Canon?
 Mycenae fortress capital
 Led by warrior kings
 Invaded Minoans on Crete
 Kept some Minoan culture
 Value of trade
 Writing system
 Legends becomes part of religion
The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.
 1200 BC
 Mycenaean kings fight 10 year war against Troy
 Paris (prince of Troy) kidnapped Helen (queen of
Sparta)
 Trojan Horse
 Mycenaean civilization collapse after war
 Dorians move into area
 Greek ancestors
 Trade fell
 Economy collapse
 No written records
 Polis—fundamental political unit
 Agora—public center
 Acropolis—fortified hilltop
 Monarchy—rule by king or queen
 Aristocracy—rule by small group of nobles
 Oligarchy—rule by few powerful people
 Some representative governments too.
 Shift from bronze to iron
 More “common” people can afford to fight
 How does this affect rule?
 Hoplites—foot soldiers
 Phalanx—military formation
 Tyrants (powerful individuals) take over
 Conquered by Spartans
 Made Messenians helots (slaves)
 Demanded half years crop
 Did not value individuality
 No artistic expression
 Men
 At 7 trained in military
 Marched barefooted
 Girls
 Ran, wrestled, played sports, gymnastics
 Managed estates (homes) while husband was governing
 Assembly of free adult males
 Council of Elders—proposed laws
 Five elected officials (ephors) carried out laws
 Two kings ruled military
 Social groups
 Native peoples
 Free non-citizens
 Helots
 slaves
 Clashes b/t aristocrats
 Encourage export of
and commoners
 Cylon—commoners
stopped a tyranny
 Draco(621 BC)—wrote
first set of laws
grapes and olives
 High demand for these
 Pisistratus(546 BC)—
b/co tyrant
 Provided funds to
peasants for farming
 Contracts and property
ownership
 Solon(594 BC)—chosen
to lead gov.
 Outlawed debt slavery
 Any citizen can bring
charges
 Taxed agricultural
production
 Gave jobs to poor
 Made Athens a true democracy
 Increase power of assembly
 Broke up nobility
 Allowed all to propose laws
 Created Council of Five Hundred
 Proposed laws
 Counseled the assembly
 Unlike Sparta
 Citizens participated directly in government
 Only free adult males were citizens
 Women, slaves, and foreigners few rights
Darius (Persian) and Athens
 Retaliation for Athens helping Ionian Greeks
 Explain
 490 BC—Persian fleet fight Athenians at Marathon
 Greek Phalanxes defeat Persians
 Runner sent to Athens to tell the story
 Pheidippides
 Don’t give up Athens
 Mountain pass
 Athens
 480 BC—Xerxes (Darius’
 Themistocles plan
son) invades Greece
 Greece too weak to fight
 Persians meet no
resistance
 Spartans held off
Persians while Greeks
retreated (Movie 300)
 Abandon Athens and
fight at sea
 Xerxes fires Athens
 Meets Athenians in
channel around island of
Salamis
 Persian ships too big to
maneuver
 Athens ships defeat
Persians
 Confidence
 Freedom
 Athens controls alliance (140 city states)
 Delian League
 Drove Persians out of area
 Athens's navy controls league
 Wise statesman
 Great speaker
 Respected general
 Led for 32 years
 461-429 BC—”AGE OF PERICLES”
 Increase # of paid officials
 Direct democracy—citizens rule directly
 Build huge navy
 200 ships
 Kept safety of empire
 Overseas trade
 Grain
 Other raw materials not found in Greece
 Beautification projects
 Gold, ivory, marble
 Paid artisans (15 years of work)
 Built the Parthenon
 Phidias
 Temple for Athena
The Parthenon
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Spartans and Athenians Go to War
 Athens superior at sea
 Spartans superior on land
 Sparta burns Athenian food supply
 Pericles brings residents into city walls
 Food supply safe if ships can come into port
 Two reasons
 1. plague kills 1/3-2/3 of Athens's pop.
 2. Athenian soldiers defeated at Syracuse
 413 BC
 404 BC Athens and allies surrenders
 Confidence in Democracy falters
 uncertainty gives rise to Philosophers
 Based on 2 assumptions
 1. universe put together in an orderly way and subject to
absolute and unchanging laws
 2. people can understand through logic and reason
 Sophists
 Questioned peoples beliefs
 Protagoras
 Questioned traditional Greek gods
 Encouraged Greeks to examine themselves
 People did not understand his ideas
 Brought to trial at 70
 Corrupting Athens youth
 Neglecting the city’s gods
 Sentenced to death
 Drank poison
 Student to Socrates
 Wrote conversations with Socrates
 Wrote The Republic
 Ideal society and Not democratic
 Smartest of ruling class Philosopher-King
 Questioned nature of world, human belief, thought
and knowledge
 Developed method for arguing using logic (scientific
method)
 taught Alexander the Great when he was a child
 Greek’s greatest story teller
 Blind
 Iliad and the Odyssey
 Set in Trojan War
 Tragedy and Comedy
 First theaters in west
 Tributes to gods and Greek civic pride
 Wealthy paid for plays
 Civic duty
 Sculptures
 Graceful, strong, perfectly formed
 Body in motion
 Values of order, balance, proportion
 Classical Art
 Athena in Parthenon
 38 feet tall
 Gold and ivory
 King of Macedonia
 Tough people
 Related to Greeks
 Greeks looked down on them
 Organized peasants into great army
 phalanx
 Great general and politician
 Defeated northern opposition
 Wanted Greece
 Greeks were warned—Demosthenes
 City-states would not join together
 Battle of Chaeronea—decisive battle
 Alexander led cavalry charge
 18 years old
 Philip killed at daughters wedding
 Former guard
 336 BC
 Alexander takes over
Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
 Kept Greece in check
 Thebes
 Educated by Aristotle
 Defeat of Persia
 Granicus River
 Alexander defeats Persians
 Issus
 Ordered troops to break through Persian lines
 Darius III ran away
 Alexander controls Anatolia
 322 BC Alexander dies when returns home
 Fever
 3 Generals take over
 Antigonus—king of Macedonia
 Ptolemy—pharaoh of Egypt
 Seleucid—king of old Persian Empire
 Alexander’s conquests ended independent Greek city states
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Trade in the Hellenistic World
Category
Attractions
Astronomy
Geometry
Philosophy
Art
3 Facts or
Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Eratosthenes (size of world), inner
workings of human body, movement of
stars
Geometry
Euclid (ideas of Geometry),
Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump
water out of ships
Philosophy
Stoicism (reason, self discipline,
personal morality), Cynicism (reject
pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek
pleasure, avoid pain)
Art
love stories, Nike, convey emotion and
movement