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Immunity & Disease Ch 38 Immunity = protection against an invading foreign substance Disease/ Health Disease:=“dis-ease” Imbalance Chronic = long term Acute = short term Caused by pathogens environment, genetics, poor nutrition Health: Homeostasis Proper exercise Nutrition Stress relief Strong Immune System = Natural Defense Pathogen/ Host Pathogen: “pathos”=suffering Disease causing agent Bacteria Virus Protist parasite Fungus, Mold Host = “hostess” of the Pathogen party! Innate versus Acquired Immunity Innate=Early defenses: WBC= Phagocytes & Macrophages Skin,Tears, Saliva,Mucus, Sweat Histamines= swelling Acquired=Build up Resistance: Immune response Lymph system Antibody /Cellular immunity= type of cells involved Passive/Active= type of exposure The Skin:Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Immune System Specific Active=Natural exposure elicits immune response or vaccination Passive= from mother or injection of antibodies Cells of the Immune Response Type of cell Innate/Acquired Function Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Innate=early defenses WBC in the blood Attack antigens As phagocytes= (surround & destroy) Macrophage Innate WBC in tissues Attack antigens As phagocytes T-cells Helper Acquired Killer Cellular immunity Memory Antibody immunity Communicate Destroy Remember B-Memory Plasma Acquired Antibody immunity Remember Make antibodies Antibodies Antibody immunity Bind to antigens Macrophage (WBC) engulfs a bacterium in the immune system: Lymph system: fluids & Macrophage WBC with lymph nodes Antibody/Antigen Antigen: Invading foreign substance Pathogen or Toxic chemical Elicits the immune response Antibody: “anti”=against Body’s reaction to an antigen invasion Blood protein Made in the immune response by plasma B cells Green antibody battles a red antigen! Antigen-antibody complex: Unique chemical fit Once infected the anti body “memory” is stored= Immunity or protection when invaded again Hybrid cell producing antibodies: Virulence/ Toxin Virulence: “strength” of a pathogen to over come the immune defenses Amount & entry Length of exposure Individual’s health Toxin: “toxic” Harmful substance Living or dead Cause disease STD Eubacterium Virus Syphilis X X Chlamydeous X X Gonorrhea X x Herpes X X HIV X x Aids (death) no By common diseases When the immune system fails Cold x Flu x Strep throat x AIDS = break down of the immune system & death due to common diseases versus death by AIDS virus Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever Germ Theory Microorganisms can cause disease Microorganism = tiny unseen organism Louis Pasteur in mid 1800’s Infection:A growth of a disease causing organism: In the host Depends upon the : Person’s health Amount of infection Environmental conditions Disinfectant: Chemicals that kill disease causing microorganisms Use to sterilize wounds & tools Discovered by Lister “Listerine” mouthwash Medicinal Leeches & Blood letting: Skull boring to drive out evil spirits of an ill person! Penicillin mold anti-bactericide: Koch’s Postulates: Rules demonstrating microorganisms cause disease: Isolate germ Grow it in culture Inject it Look for the disease Infectious disease: Tuberculosis Lung Disease Disease transmitted from one individual to another Spread by Water Air Direct contact Carrier: Carry the disease But show NO symptoms Infectious & spread the disease Staphylococcus Bacteria Causes sore throat Spread by carriers Also pimples Cleanliness is important Coccus = Round shaped bacteria Toxin: Poisons produced by an organism Causes harm to other organisms Example: Tetanus bacteria Poison Brazilian darts Other microorganisms & disease: Viruses HIV virus Flu virus Polio virus Protozoans Amebic dysentery Malaria Fungi Athlete’s foot Ringworm Yeast infections Yeast Infections: Cynobacteria & Heterotroph Makes its own food! Salmonella Eats others