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Health and the
Immune System
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Disease Causing Organisms
 Pathogens include infectious organisms
from the kingdoms of Bacteria, Protists,
and Fungi.
 In addition, viruses, and other non-living
pathogens cause disease.
 Organisms from the Animal
kingdom often serve as
vectors for disease.
 NOTE: Some diseases are genetic -- not
infectious (they can’t be “caught”).
We will learn about these later.
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Prevention
 Humans can avoid infectious
disease with preventative measures:
- Hand washing
- Proper cooking of food
- Treatment of water with inhibitors
- Avoiding contact with pathogenic
sources
- Vaccines (more on this later)
Immune Response
 Humans have also evolved
physiological defenses against
pathogens.
 These defenses are part of our
Immune System.
 The Immune System includes both
Non-Specific and Specific response
systems.
Non-Specific Immune Response
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 Skin
 Phlegm and secretions
 Inflammation
 Heat
 Digestive enzymes
Specific Immune Response
 Response to specific pathogens on
a cellular level.
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 Attacks pathogens at specific
sites called antigens.
 Uses these “white blood cells”:
- B Cells (type of lymphocyte)
- T Cells (type of lymphocyte)
- Macrophages
 Much of the specific immune
response happens outside the blood
itself--wherever the infection is!
Specific Immune Response
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 B Cells: Humoral (body-fluid) Response:
Mark and neutralize pathogens. Plasmas make
Antibodies -- like bullets in a gun. Memory cells
also. Watch this video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQmaPwP0
KRI
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 T Cells: Cell Mediated Response
Cells that destroy pathogens. Watch this video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tBOmG0Q
MbA
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 Macrophages: Work with both B Cells and T
Cells to identify and destroy pathogens.
Specific Immune Response (Overview)
T cell
Some activated T cells (killer/
cytotoxic) also can find antigens and
then destroy the invader.
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“Eater cell”= Macrophage
Treatment/Medicine
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 We also use medicine to fight disease!
 Antibiotics kill living pathogens and
include antibacterials and antifungals.
These do not work on viruses (viruses are
non-living).
 Vaccines are dead or weakened
pathogens used to stimulate the immune
system’s production of antibodies. These
are a preventative measure and our best
present defense against viruses.