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BACTERIA • ______________: single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus Bacterial Kingdoms (formerly Monerans) • Divided into TWO Kingdoms________________- “ancient bacteria” ________________- “good/true bacteria” ARCHAEBACTERIA • Characteristics – Most live in ___________________________ – Cell wall does _____ contain _____________ – DNA sequence similar to ________________ (possible ancestor?) Types of Archaebacteria • • • • • EXTREMOPHILES Methanogens- produce _________ Halophiles- live in ________ conditions Thermophiles- live in high ____________ Etc. EUBACTERIA • Live ______________________________ • Cell wall contains ___________________ • Wide array of characteristics Types of Eubacteria • ____________: cell wall mainly peptidoglycan – Appear ____________ when stained • ____________: cell wall of _______ peptidoglycan with second layer of lipids and carbohydrates – Appear ____________ when stained How are bacteria identified? • Shape: – Bacilli- _______ – Cocci- _______ – Spirilla- ______ – *Strepto- ________ – *Staphylo- _______ How are bacteria identified? • Cell Walls – Is peptidoglycans present? • Yes- ______________________ • No- _______________________ How are bacteria identified? • Movement – Some have ____________________ – Some glide, spiral, etc. – Others don’t move on own How are bacteria identified? • Energy obtaining methods – _____________________- make own food • _____________________- use light • _____________________- use inorganic materials – _____________________- take in food – _____________________- need light and a nutrient source How bacteria are identified? • Energy releasing processes: – Cellular respiration: requires Oxygen (__________________________) – Fermentation: no Oxygen used (___________________________) – Some can survive with or without oxygen (___________________________) How are bacteria identified? • Reproduction & Growth: – ____________________- double in size, replicates DNA, splits into two (asexual) Reproduction cont’d – ________________________- bridge forms between two cells and genes are transferred Conjugation – _____________________- thick wall around DNA can remain dormant until conditions are favorable VIRUSES • Virus- Latin for “_______________” • Smaller than bacteria • ___________ living! Structure of a Virus • Infectious agent made up of a core of ______________(DNA or RNA) and a _______________(capsid) Why not living? • Viruses can’t ___________ on their ownthey must use a host’s cells • Not made of ___________ • Cannot maintain _________________ Replication (Reproduction) • 2 Types of Replication: – __________ Cycle – __________ Cycle Lytic Cycle • Virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst Steps of Lytic Cycle – Virus attacks cell and ___________________ – DNA forms a circle Steps of Lytic Cycle cont’d – Viral DNA commands host cell to make __________________ Lytic Cycle Steps cont’d – Cell _____________ and releases viruses to invade more cells – *Symptoms of disease show Lysogenic Cycle • Virus embeds its DNA into the host’s DNA, both DNAs are replicated • ________________- viral DNA that is embedded into host’s DNA • *Symptoms of disease do not show at this time Types of Viruses • _____________- virus that infects bacteria Types of Viruses- cont’d • _____________- contain RNA as genetic code (HIV & AIDS, some cancer) RNA • _________________- cause cancer in animals (disrupt controls over cell growth) Not quite a virus, but… • ___________- “protein infectious particles” – Act like a virus, but… – Do not contain any ________, only ________ • Usually only affects _______________ • ___________– Act like a virus, but… – Has ________, but no ___________ • Usually only affects _________________ Protection from viruses- HOW? • PREVENTION! – Good hygiene – ______________- weakened or “killed” viruses or viral particle • Inject into body to build up immunity