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Chapter 28 Chapter Twenty-Eight Additional Information about Verbs College Writing Skills with Readings Chapter 28 Additional Information about Verbs Here are the three areas we’ll discuss in this section: • Verb Tense • Helping Verbs • Verbals Chapter 28 Verb Tense. . . . . . tells you the time of the action. Let’s start with the simple • present, • past, and • future. Chapter 28 Verb Tense We can be a little more specific about time using these other tenses: •Perfect Tense (Add a form of the verb “have”) •Progressive Tense (Add a form of the verb “be”) •Perfect Progressive Tense (Add both the verbs “have” and “be.”) Chapter 28 Present • action in the present • I am laughing. Chapter 28 Past • Action in the past • I laughed yesterday. Chapter 28 Future • Action expected to happen in the future • I will laugh tomorrow. Chapter 28 Present Perfect • describes a present state of being based on past action • I have visited Paris several times. Chapter 28 Past perfect • past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb • describes secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: • After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto. Chapter 28 Future Perfect • something will occur before another action in the future. • [am/is/are + going to have + past participle] • You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. • I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. Chapter 28 Present Progressive • used to describe events happening now • “to be” with a present participle . • I am reading this wiki article, and I am thinking about editing it. Chapter 28 Past Progressive • Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. • to be and the verb’s present participle • He was going to the theater. Chapter 28 Future Progressive • action that will be taking place at some time in the future. • "will" plus "be," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending) • I will be running in next year’s Boston marathon. Chapter 28 Present Perfect Progressive • events or actions that have begun at some point in the past and continue through the present • I have been reading this article for some time now. Chapter 28 Past Perfect Progressive • event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. • have/has + participle been and the verb’s present participial form: • We have been waiting. Chapter 28 Future Perfect Progressive • Actions that will be unfinished, but have reached a certain stage: • This time next month, I'll have been living here for three years. Chapter 28 Helping Verbs There are three verbs that can both stand alone and help other verbs: Chapter 28 Helping Verbs Used Alone Used as Helping Verbs I was busy. Mary has the floor. He did a bad thing. I was getting tired. Mary has stepped in it. He did love her. Chapter 28 Helping Verbs Let’s review for a minute: I was getting tired. Analysis: verb “be” used as helper = progressive, and past tense of verb “be” = past progressive. Mary has stepped in it. Analysis: verb “have” used as helper = perfect, and present tense of verb “have” = present perfect. Chapter 28 Helping Verbs There are also nine helping verbs called that are always used together to help other verbs. Let’s look at a chart: Chapter 28 Helping Verbs Can Could May Might Shall Should Will Would Must I can hope, can’t I? I could eat more, I suppose. Roger may be detained. You might regret that tattoo, Jerry. I shall see if there’s another room, sir. John should get his head examined. William will want to wander around a bit. Glasses would help, I think. You must take your feet off that rug, Marty. Chapter 28 Verbals Verbals are words formed from verbs. There are three kinds: • Infinitives • Participles • Gerunds Chapter 28 Verbals An is “to” + “steal” = formed by adding “to steal” the word “to” to the base form of Example: the verb. Jesse James loved to steal What is the infinitive money from bankers. of the verb “steal”? Chapter 28 Verbals A is a verb form used as an adjective. The past participle ends in -ed or is irregular. Example: Looking over her tax returns, The present the weeping accountant tugged participle ends in - her bleached hair. ing. Chapter 28 Verbals A Let’s make a gerund out of is the -ing the verb “bowl.” form of a verb “Bowl” + “ing” = used as a noun. “Bowling” Example: Bowling is not a sport because you can smoke while you’re doing it.