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Night Close Reading Grammar PHRASES Group of words that modify the sentence that have either a subject and no verb or a verb and no subject. Prepositional Phrases Phrase beginning with a preposition Ex. The cow jumped over the moon. Participial Phrases Verbal phrase used as an adjective Ex: The child sitting under the tree was eating lunch. Absolute Phrases Noun followed by a participle Ex: Joan looked nervous, her fears creeping up on her. Gerund Phrases Verbal phrase used as a noun Ex. Eating candy is my favorite part of Halloween. Infinitive Phrases Verbal phrase used as noun, adjective, or adverb…uses to + verb Ex: Tell the boy to stop making so much noise. Appositive Phrases Noun phrase that renames another noun in the sentence. Ex: Chelsie, my sister, is very entertaining. CLAUSES AND SENTENCES A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence. Dependent Clause Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence A dependent clause depends on an independent clause to be a complete sentence. Independent Clause Expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence Compound Sentences A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. These clauses may be combined in two ways: Comma + Conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Semicolon Compound Sentence Examples Alaina wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling. Those clouds promise rain; we should go inside. I know you don’t like him, but that doesn’t matter. Complex Sentences A complex sentence has both a dependent clause and an independent clause. If the sentence begins with a dependent clause, separate it from the independent clause with a comma. If the sentence begins with an independent clause, it does not need a comma before the dependent clause. Complex Sentence Examples I like Edgar Allen Poe’s stories because they are suspenseful. Although the lead actor had the flu, we presented the play. Because he is a member of the school board, Mr. Williams spoke in favor of the bond issue. He will not read a book unless it has pictures in it. Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Sentence Chart Independent Dependent Simple 1 0 Compound 2+ 0 Complex 1 1+ CompoundComplex 2+ 1+