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Grammar Point: Imperfect Tense Regular Verbs -ar verb endings Yo -aba Tú -abas Ud. Él -aba Ella Nosotros Nosotras -ábamos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas -aban -er and -ir verbs Yo -ía Tú -ías Ud. Él -ía Ella Nosotros Nosotras -íamos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas -ían Grammar Point: Imperfect Tense Irregular Verbs ser ir Nosotros Yo era Tú eras Ud. Él Ella Nosotras ___ y yo Nosotros éramos Uds. era Ellos Ellas Yo iba Tú ibas Ud. eran ver Él Ella veía Tú veías Ud. Él Ella Nosotras ___ y yo iba veíamos Uds. veía Ellos Ellas íbamos Uds. Nosotros Yo Nosotras ___ y yo veían Ellos Ellas iban Grammar Point: Indirect Object Pronouns (to / for me) me (to / for you) te (to / for him) le (to / for her) (to / for you – Ud.) (to / for us) (to / for them) nos les (to / for you all – Uds.) • Look to see if there is an “a …….” and base the indirect object pronoun on what comes after the “a ……..”, NOT on the subject of the sentence. Grammar Point: When to Use the Imperfect • The imperfect tells about past actions that were ongoing, happened repeatedly or had no specific beginning or end • To describe background information • To express weather, tell time or someone’s age in the past • To describe physical and mental states and conditions, including feelings • To express habitual actions or what “used to” happen (like when talking about memories) • To express what was happening (ongoing action) when something else interrupted Grammar Point: Imperfect “Trigger” Words • • • • • • • a menudo – often a veces – sometimes cada día – each day cada semana cada mes cada año nunca – never • • • • • • frecuentemente generalmente por lo general muchas veces de vez en cuando siempre - always Grammar Point: Preterite Tense Regular Verbs -ar verb endings Yo -é Tú -aste Ud. Él -ó Ella Nosotros Nosotras -amos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas -aron -er and -ir verbs Yo -í Tú -iste Ud. Él -ió Ella Nosotros Nosotras -imos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas -ieron Grammar Point: When to use Preterite • When an action was completed • When an action was completed at a specific time • When an action was completed a specific number of times • When an action began or ended • When an action interrupts another action Grammar Point: Preterite “Trigger” Words • • • • • • • ayer anoche desde el primer momento el otro día en ese momento entonces esta mañana/tarde/noche • • • • • hace # días hace # años la semana pasada el mes pasado el año pasado Grammar Point: Reciprocal Actions • Express the idea “to each other” Nosotros Nosotras ___ y yo nos + verb (use nosotros ending for verb) Uds. Ellos Ellas 2+ people se + verb (use ellos/ellas/Uds. ending for verb) Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs • Some verbs have a spelling change in the preterite such as oír, leer, creer, & destruir leer oír Yo oí Tú oíste Ud. Él oyó Ella Nosotros Nosotras oímos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas oyeron Yo leí Tú leíste Ud. Él leyó Ella Nosotros Nosotras leímos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas leyeron Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs (continued) • Some verbs have a spelling change in the preterite such as oír, leer, creer, & destruir destruir creer Yo creí Nosotros Nosotras ___ y yo creímos destruí Tú destruíste Tú creíste Ud. Él creyó Ella Yo Nosotros Nosotras destruímos ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas creyeron Ud. Él destruyó Ella Uds. Ellos Ellas destruyeron Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs (continued) • Some verbs have a spelling change in the stem and a unique set of endings as well: Verb Meaning Preterite Stem tener to have tuv- poder to be able to pud- poner to put or set pus- -e estar to be estuv- -iste venir to come vin- -o hacer To do or make hic- *see note traer to bring traj- **see note decir to say dij- **see note Irregular Preterite Endings *with the “o” ending, hacer is “hizo” **dij- and traj- use the –eron ending for ellos, ellas and Uds. -imos -ieron / -eron** Grammar Point: Other Reflexive Verbs These verbs have 2 parts and usually describe a change in mental, emotional or physical state kind of the way we say that someone “gets…” or “becomes…” Part 1 – reflexive pronoun + Part 2 – conjugation of verb (based on subject) (based on subject) Examples: me nos te se se aburrirse casarse divertirse dormirse enojarse ponerse volverse loco to get bored to get married to have fun to fall asleep to become angry to become...(adjective) to go crazy Grammar Point: Stem-changing -ir Verbs in Preterite • Some verbs have a spelling change only with certain subjects but not with others: Example: preferir (e → i) preferí preferimos preferiste prefirió prefirieron Other verbs that follow this pattern: mentir divertirse servir despedirse seguir vestirse pedir sentirse competir repetir Example: dormir (o → u) dormí dormimos dormiste durmió durmieron Other verbs that follow this pattern: morir All of these verbs use the normal preterite endings -í -imos -iste -ió -ieron Grammar Point: Stem-changing -ir Verbs in Preterite • The verbs reírse and sonreír have a unique conjugation in the preterite: reírse (to laugh) me reí nos reímos te reíste se rió se rieron sonreír (to smile) sonreí sonreímos sonreíste sonrió sonrieron Grammar Point: Imperfect Progressive This is a 2-part verb: Part 1 – conjugation of estar in the imperfect estaba estábamos estabas estaba estaban + Part 2 – present participle form of the verb* –ar verbs: –er / –ir verbs: drop –ar, add –ando drop –er / –ir, add –iendo *Irregular present participles: decir = diciendo dormir = durmiendo venir = viniendo morir = muriendo seguir = siguiendo leer = leyendo pedir = pidiendo traer = trayendo servir = sirviendo creer = creyendo repetir = repitiendo vestir = vistiendo Grammar Point: Verbs that Use Indirect Object Pronouns (to / for me) me (to / for you) te (to / for him) le (to / for her) (to / for you – Ud.) (to / for us) nos (to / for them) les (to / for you all – Uds.) • Look to see if there is an “a …….” and choose the indirect object pronoun based on what comes after the “a ……..”, NOT on the subject of the sentence. These verbs are conjugated NOT for the person (subject) in the sentence but for the thing or things being talked about: aburrir = to bore gustar = to like encantar = to love fascinar = to fascinate molestar = to bother quedar = to fit importar = to matter / be important Grammar Point: Present Perfect This is a 2-part verb: Part 1 – conjugation of haber + Part 2 – past participle in the present tense form of the verb* –ar verbs: –er / –ir verbs: he drop –ar, add –ado drop –er / –ir, add –ido hemos *Irregular past participles: has ha han decir (to say) = dicho (said) hacer (to do/make) = hecho (done/made) escribir (to write) = escrito (written) volver (to return) = vuelto (returned) devolver (to give back) = devuelto (gave back/returned) caer (to fall) = caído (fallen) creer (to believe) = creído (believed) traer (to bring) = traído (brought) leer (to read) = leído (read) oir (to hear) = oído (heard) morir (to die) = muerto (dead) poner (to put/set) = puesto (put) ver (to see) = visto (seen) romper (to break) = roto (broken)