Download Grammar Point: Definite and indefinite articles

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Transcript
Grammar Point:
conjugation of ser
Nosotros
Yo
soy
Nosotras
somos
___ y yo
Tú
eres
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
es
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
son
Grammar Point:
conjugation of estar
Nosotros
Yo
estoy
Nosotras
estamos
___ y yo
Tú
estás
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
está
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
están
Grammar Point: ser and estar
use ser
use estar
D escription
O ccupation
N ationality
T ime
H ealth
E motion
L ocation
P resent progressive
Grammar Point:
-ar verb conjugation
Nosotros
Yo
-o
Nosotras
-amos
___ y yo
Tú
-as
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
-a
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
-an
Grammar Point:
-er and -ir verb conjugation
Nosotros
Yo
-o
Nosotras
___ y yo
Tú
-es
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
-emos
-imos
Uds.
-e
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
-en
Grammar Point: Questions
¿Cómo…
¿ Qué…
¿ Cuál…
¿ Cuándo…
¿ Cuántos(as)…
¿ Por qué…
¿ Quién…
¿ Con quién…
¿ Dónde…
¿ Adónde…
¿ De dónde…
How
What
Which/What
When
How many
Why
Who
With whom
Where
To where
From where
Grammar Point: “go” verbs
These are verbs that have an irregular
yo form that ends in –go:
tener → tengo
poner → pongo
hacer → hago
traer → traigo
salir → salgo
decir → digo
venir → vengo
I have
I put/place/set
I do/make
I bring
I leave
I say/tell
I come
Grammar Point:
Stem-changing (“boot”) verbs
poder (o →ue)
almorzar (o → ue)
dormir (o → ue)
jugar (u → ue)
volver (o → ue)
empezar (e →ie)
entender (e → ie)
pensar (e → ie)
preferir (e → ie)
querir (e → ie)
pedir (e → i)
repetir (e → i)
servir (e → i)
vestirse (e→i)
despertarse (e → ie)
acostarse (o → ue)
probarse (o → ue)
encontrar (o → ue)
cerrar (e → ie)
devolver (o → ue)
seguir (e → i)
Grammar Point:
Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative
Negative
alguien
someone, anyone nadie
no one, nobody
algo
something
nothing
nada
algún
some, any
alguno(s)
alguna(s)
siempre always
ningún no, none, not any
ninguno(s)
ninguna(s)
nunca
never
también
tampoco neither, either
also, too
Grammar Point:
conjugation of ir
Nosotros
Yo
voy
Nosotras
vamos
___ y yo
Tú
vas
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
va
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
van
Grammar Point: Comparisons
más + adjective + que
menos + adjective + que
mayor que / menor que
mejor que / peor que
more ____ than
less _____ than
older / younger
better / worse
tan + adjective + como
as ______ as
tanto(a) + noun + como
as much ____ as
tantos(as) + noun + como as many _____ as
Grammar Point:
saber and conocer
saber = to know
Yo
sé
Tú
sabes
Ud.
Él
sabe
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras sabemos
___ y yo
conocer = to know
Nosotros
Yo conozco Nosotras conocemos
___ y yo
Tú conoces
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
saben
to know facts,
information, how to
(followed by infinitive)
Ud.
Él conoce
Ella
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
conocen
to know a person or
be familiar with a
place or thing
Grammar Point:
Hace + time Expressions
To ask how long something has been going on:
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que….. How long…
To tell how long something has been going on:
Hace + (length of time)…. It’s been….
…hace + (length of time) …for (amount of time)
Grammar Point:
Verbs and Expressions that are followed by an infinitive
me gusta
I like
me gustaría
I would like
me encanta
I love
poder (o→ue) able to / can
deber
should
preferir (e→i) prefer
querer (e→ie) want
pensar (e →ie) plan / think
necesitar
need
tener que
have to
ir a
going to
Grammar Point: Reflexive Verbs
To say that someone does something for
themselves, you use a reflexive verb.
It is a 2-part verb that includes a
reflexive pronoun and a conjugated verb.
Reflexive Pronouns:
Nosotros
Yo
me _____
Tú
te _______
Nosotras nos _____
___ y yo
Ud.
Uds.
Él
se ______
Ella
1 person
Ellos
se _____
Ellas
2+ people
Grammar Point: Reflexive Verbs
Examples of reflexive verbs:
afeitarse
bañarse
ducharse
peinarse
cepillarse el pelo
cepillarse los
dientes
secarse
acostarse
arreglarse el pelo
cortarse el pelo
despertarse (e→ie)
levantarse
lavarse
pintarse
ponerse
prepararse
vestirse (e→i)
probarse (o →ue)
quedarse
Grammar Point:
Possessive Adjectives
mío
mía
míos
mías
tuyo
tuya
tuyos
tuyas
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
Grammar Point:
Preterite of -ar verbs
Nosotros
Yo
-é
Nosotras
-amos
___ y yo
Tú
-aste
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
-ó
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
-aron
Grammar Point:
Preterite of -er and -ir verbs
Nosotros
Yo
-í
Nosotras
-imos
___ y yo
Tú
-iste
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
-ió
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
-ieron
Grammar Point:
Irregular Yo Forms in Preterite
Some verbs have a spelling change
in the preterite in the yo form:
Examples:
buscar → busqué
pagar → pagué
almorzar → almorcé
Grammar Point:
Demonstrative Adjectives
Singular
Plural
este, esta
this
estos, estas
these
ese, esa
that
esos, esas
those
aquel, that one over there aquellos, those over there
aquella
aquellas
Grammar Point:
Using Adjectives as Nouns
When you are comparing two similar things,
you can avoid repetition by dropping the noun
and using an article (el, la, los, las) with an
adjective.
—¿Prefieres la camisa roja o la amarilla?
—Prefiero la roja.
Grammar Point:
Direct Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
me
te
me
you (informal)
nos
us
lo
it, him, you (masc. formal) los them, you all (masc.)
la
it, her, you (fem. formal)
las them, you all (fem.)
• Direct object pronouns tell who or what receives the ACTION
of the verb.
• Direct object pronouns can be placed in FRONT of the
conjugated verb.
• Direct object pronouns can also be ATTACHED to infinitives,
commands or present participle forms of verbs.
Grammar Point:
Direct Object Pronouns
EXAMPLES
• My mom takes ____ to the movies. = Mi madre _____ lleva al cine.
Whom does my mom take to the movies? What’s the most logical answer?
• I’m going to the party with John. He called____ yesterday to invite ___. =
Yo voy a la fiesta con John. Él ______ llamó ayer para invitar____.
Whom did John call? Whom did he invite?
• You are excited because your dad is taking ____ to get your license. =
Tú estás entusiasmada porque tu padre ____ lleva para obtener tu
permiso de manejar.
Whom is your dad taking to get your driver’s license?
• The teacher believes _____because we always tell the truth. =
La profesor _____ cree porque nosotros siempre decimos la verdad.
Whom does the teacher believe?
Grammar Point:
Irregular Preterite Verbs: ser and ir
Nosotros
Yo
fui
Nosotras
fuimos
___ y yo
Tú
fuiste
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
fue
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
fueron
Grammar Point:
Irregular Preterite Verbs
hacer
hice
hicimos
hiciste
hizo
estar
estuve
estuviste
hicieron
estuvo
tener
tuve
tuvimos
estuvieron
poder
pude
pudimos
pudiste
tuviste
tuvo
estuvimos
tuvieron
pudo
pudieron
Grammar Point: Decir (to say)
decir - present
digo
decimos
dices
dice
decir - preterite
dije
dijimos
dijiste
dicen
dijo
present participle
diciendo
affirmative tú command
di
dijeron
Grammar Point:
Affirmative tú Commands
To form the command of a verb that is not
irregular, use the él/ella/Ud. form of the verb
in its conjugated form. Be sure you know
your verb endings for –ar, – er and –ir verbs
in the present tense.
-ar verbs
command
form
a
-er/-ir verbs
e
Grammar Point:
Irregular Affirmative tú Commands
These verbs are irregular in the
affirmative tú command:
poner = pon
tener = ten
venir = ven
hacer = haz
salir = sal
ir = ve
decir = di
ser = sé
Grammar Point:
Present Progressive
The present progressive involves implies that
an action is taking place at that exact moment.
Part 1 + Part 2
Estar + present participle form of verb
You MUST have BOTH PARTS for the verb to
be complete!
Grammar Point:
Present Progressive
PART 1: Conjugate estar for the subject of the sentence
Yo
estoy
Tú
estás
Ud.
Él
Ella
1 person
1 thing
está
Nosotros
Nosotras
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
estamos
están
Grammar Point:
Present Progressive
PART 2: the present participle form of the verb
To form the present participle (the same as the -ing form
of a verb in English):
-ar verbs:
drop off -ar → add -ando
-er and -ir verbs:
drop off the -er/-ir → add –iendo
*see next slide for a list of irregular present participles
Grammar Point:
Irregular Present Progressive
These verbs are irregular in the present
progressive:
decir: diciendo
pedir: pidiendo
repetir: repitiendo
seguir: siguiendo
servir: sirviendo
vestir: vistiendo
dormir: durmiendo
creer: creyendo
leer: leyendo
traer: trayendo
Grammar Point:
Attaching Pronouns
Direct and indirect object pronouns can be
attached to the end of
- infinitives
- affirmative commands
- present participles
Sometimes it’s necessary to add an accent
mark. You can cover up the direct object
pronoun and count back 2 vowels to decide
where to put the accent mark.