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Grammar Point: conjugation of ser Nosotros Yo soy Nosotras somos ___ y yo Tú eres Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. es Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things son Grammar Point: conjugation of estar Nosotros Yo estoy Nosotras estamos ___ y yo Tú estás Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. está Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things están Grammar Point: ser and estar use ser use estar D escription O ccupation N ationality T ime H ealth E motion L ocation P resent progressive Grammar Point: -ar verb conjugation Nosotros Yo -o Nosotras -amos ___ y yo Tú -as Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. -a Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things -an Grammar Point: -er and -ir verb conjugation Nosotros Yo -o Nosotras ___ y yo Tú -es Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing -emos -imos Uds. -e Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things -en Grammar Point: Questions ¿Cómo… ¿ Qué… ¿ Cuál… ¿ Cuándo… ¿ Cuántos(as)… ¿ Por qué… ¿ Quién… ¿ Con quién… ¿ Dónde… ¿ Adónde… ¿ De dónde… How What Which/What When How many Why Who With whom Where To where From where Grammar Point: “go” verbs These are verbs that have an irregular yo form that ends in –go: tener → tengo poner → pongo hacer → hago traer → traigo salir → salgo decir → digo venir → vengo I have I put/place/set I do/make I bring I leave I say/tell I come Grammar Point: Stem-changing (“boot”) verbs poder (o →ue) almorzar (o → ue) dormir (o → ue) jugar (u → ue) volver (o → ue) empezar (e →ie) entender (e → ie) pensar (e → ie) preferir (e → ie) querir (e → ie) pedir (e → i) repetir (e → i) servir (e → i) vestirse (e→i) despertarse (e → ie) acostarse (o → ue) probarse (o → ue) encontrar (o → ue) cerrar (e → ie) devolver (o → ue) seguir (e → i) Grammar Point: Affirmative and Negative Words Affirmative Negative alguien someone, anyone nadie no one, nobody algo something nothing nada algún some, any alguno(s) alguna(s) siempre always ningún no, none, not any ninguno(s) ninguna(s) nunca never también tampoco neither, either also, too Grammar Point: conjugation of ir Nosotros Yo voy Nosotras vamos ___ y yo Tú vas Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. va Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things van Grammar Point: Comparisons más + adjective + que menos + adjective + que mayor que / menor que mejor que / peor que more ____ than less _____ than older / younger better / worse tan + adjective + como as ______ as tanto(a) + noun + como as much ____ as tantos(as) + noun + como as many _____ as Grammar Point: saber and conocer saber = to know Yo sé Tú sabes Ud. Él sabe Ella Nosotros Nosotras sabemos ___ y yo conocer = to know Nosotros Yo conozco Nosotras conocemos ___ y yo Tú conoces Uds. Ellos Ellas saben to know facts, information, how to (followed by infinitive) Ud. Él conoce Ella Uds. Ellos Ellas conocen to know a person or be familiar with a place or thing Grammar Point: Hace + time Expressions To ask how long something has been going on: ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que….. How long… To tell how long something has been going on: Hace + (length of time)…. It’s been…. …hace + (length of time) …for (amount of time) Grammar Point: Verbs and Expressions that are followed by an infinitive me gusta I like me gustaría I would like me encanta I love poder (o→ue) able to / can deber should preferir (e→i) prefer querer (e→ie) want pensar (e →ie) plan / think necesitar need tener que have to ir a going to Grammar Point: Reflexive Verbs To say that someone does something for themselves, you use a reflexive verb. It is a 2-part verb that includes a reflexive pronoun and a conjugated verb. Reflexive Pronouns: Nosotros Yo me _____ Tú te _______ Nosotras nos _____ ___ y yo Ud. Uds. Él se ______ Ella 1 person Ellos se _____ Ellas 2+ people Grammar Point: Reflexive Verbs Examples of reflexive verbs: afeitarse bañarse ducharse peinarse cepillarse el pelo cepillarse los dientes secarse acostarse arreglarse el pelo cortarse el pelo despertarse (e→ie) levantarse lavarse pintarse ponerse prepararse vestirse (e→i) probarse (o →ue) quedarse Grammar Point: Possessive Adjectives mío mía míos mías tuyo tuya tuyos tuyas suyo suya suyos suyas nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras suyo suya suyos suyas Grammar Point: Preterite of -ar verbs Nosotros Yo -é Nosotras -amos ___ y yo Tú -aste Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. -ó Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things -aron Grammar Point: Preterite of -er and -ir verbs Nosotros Yo -í Nosotras -imos ___ y yo Tú -iste Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. -ió Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things -ieron Grammar Point: Irregular Yo Forms in Preterite Some verbs have a spelling change in the preterite in the yo form: Examples: buscar → busqué pagar → pagué almorzar → almorcé Grammar Point: Demonstrative Adjectives Singular Plural este, esta this estos, estas these ese, esa that esos, esas those aquel, that one over there aquellos, those over there aquella aquellas Grammar Point: Using Adjectives as Nouns When you are comparing two similar things, you can avoid repetition by dropping the noun and using an article (el, la, los, las) with an adjective. —¿Prefieres la camisa roja o la amarilla? —Prefiero la roja. Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns Singular Plural me te me you (informal) nos us lo it, him, you (masc. formal) los them, you all (masc.) la it, her, you (fem. formal) las them, you all (fem.) • Direct object pronouns tell who or what receives the ACTION of the verb. • Direct object pronouns can be placed in FRONT of the conjugated verb. • Direct object pronouns can also be ATTACHED to infinitives, commands or present participle forms of verbs. Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns EXAMPLES • My mom takes ____ to the movies. = Mi madre _____ lleva al cine. Whom does my mom take to the movies? What’s the most logical answer? • I’m going to the party with John. He called____ yesterday to invite ___. = Yo voy a la fiesta con John. Él ______ llamó ayer para invitar____. Whom did John call? Whom did he invite? • You are excited because your dad is taking ____ to get your license. = Tú estás entusiasmada porque tu padre ____ lleva para obtener tu permiso de manejar. Whom is your dad taking to get your driver’s license? • The teacher believes _____because we always tell the truth. = La profesor _____ cree porque nosotros siempre decimos la verdad. Whom does the teacher believe? Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs: ser and ir Nosotros Yo fui Nosotras fuimos ___ y yo Tú fuiste Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing Uds. fue Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things fueron Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs hacer hice hicimos hiciste hizo estar estuve estuviste hicieron estuvo tener tuve tuvimos estuvieron poder pude pudimos pudiste tuviste tuvo estuvimos tuvieron pudo pudieron Grammar Point: Decir (to say) decir - present digo decimos dices dice decir - preterite dije dijimos dijiste dicen dijo present participle diciendo affirmative tú command di dijeron Grammar Point: Affirmative tú Commands To form the command of a verb that is not irregular, use the él/ella/Ud. form of the verb in its conjugated form. Be sure you know your verb endings for –ar, – er and –ir verbs in the present tense. -ar verbs command form a -er/-ir verbs e Grammar Point: Irregular Affirmative tú Commands These verbs are irregular in the affirmative tú command: poner = pon tener = ten venir = ven hacer = haz salir = sal ir = ve decir = di ser = sé Grammar Point: Present Progressive The present progressive involves implies that an action is taking place at that exact moment. Part 1 + Part 2 Estar + present participle form of verb You MUST have BOTH PARTS for the verb to be complete! Grammar Point: Present Progressive PART 1: Conjugate estar for the subject of the sentence Yo estoy Tú estás Ud. Él Ella 1 person 1 thing está Nosotros Nosotras ___ y yo Uds. Ellos Ellas 2+ people 2+ things estamos están Grammar Point: Present Progressive PART 2: the present participle form of the verb To form the present participle (the same as the -ing form of a verb in English): -ar verbs: drop off -ar → add -ando -er and -ir verbs: drop off the -er/-ir → add –iendo *see next slide for a list of irregular present participles Grammar Point: Irregular Present Progressive These verbs are irregular in the present progressive: decir: diciendo pedir: pidiendo repetir: repitiendo seguir: siguiendo servir: sirviendo vestir: vistiendo dormir: durmiendo creer: creyendo leer: leyendo traer: trayendo Grammar Point: Attaching Pronouns Direct and indirect object pronouns can be attached to the end of - infinitives - affirmative commands - present participles Sometimes it’s necessary to add an accent mark. You can cover up the direct object pronoun and count back 2 vowels to decide where to put the accent mark.