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Unit 2 Western Europe: Its Land and Early History Western Europe’s peninsulas and waters shape its cultural history as the Greek and Roman civilizations flourish and spread along the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman aqueduct in Nimes, France NEXT Western Europe: Its Land and Early History SECTION 1 A Land of Varied Riches SECTION 2 Ancient Greece SECTION 3 Ancient Rome SECTION 4 Time of Change: The Middle Ages NEXT Section 1 A Land of Varied Riches Europe is a continent with varied geographic features, abundant natural resources, and a climate that can support agriculture. NEXT SECTION 1 A Land of Varied Riches The Geography of Europe Waterways • Water surrounds Europe to north, south, west - southern coast borders warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea • Rhine, Danube are important; just two of Europe’s many rivers - longest river is Russia’s 2,200-mile Volga • Boats, barges carry people, goods inland Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The Geography of Europe Landforms • Several peninsulas—land surrounded by water on three sides • Scandinavian Peninsula contains Norway, Sweden - shores are lined with fjords—long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea • Iberian Peninsula in Western Europe includes Spain, Portugal - separated from continent by Pyrenees mountain range • Mountain ranges: Alps; Ural Mountains—divide Europe from Asia Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The Geography of Europe The Great European Plain • Extends from the French coast to the Urals; rich farmland • Plain—large, flat area, usually with few trees • Ancient trading centers attracted many people • Today, area has large cities like Paris, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow NEXT SECTION 1 Climate Varied Temperatures • Gulf Stream brings warm air, water to region • In mountains, far north, cold winds blow from Arctic Circle - average temperatures are below zero in January • Alps, Pyrenees protect Mediterranean countries from cold winds - in southern Europe, January is mild, summers are hot, dry • In most of Europe, average July temperature is 50–70 degrees F NEXT SECTION 1 Natural Resources Coal, Iron Ore, and Rich Soil • Variety of resources - coal in Germany’s Ruhr Valley makes it a major industrial center - large iron ore deposits in Russia, Ukraine • Europe has rich soil, plentiful rainfall • Few parts of continent too cold or hot, dry to support agriculture • Europe is a world leader in crop production Interactive Image NEXT Section 2 Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks develop a complex society, with remarkable achievements in the arts, sciences, and government. NEXT SECTION 2 Ancient Greece The Land and Early History of Greece Surrounded by Water • Travel is hard for early settlers on mountainous Greek Peninsula - rocky land has poor soil, but settlers grow olives, grapes • Ancient Greeks depend on surrounding seas for fishing, trade Image The Formation of City-States • As population grows, people create city-states - include polis—central city—and surrounding villages • Each has own laws, government, but share language, religion Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The Land and Early History of Greece The Growth of Colonies • In 700s B.C., Greeks sail out, settle Aegean Sea islands, coastline • Some settle as far away as Spain, North Africa • Settlers trade wheat, timber, iron ore with each other, city-states Map Individual Forms of Government • Some city-states are oligarchies—a few powerful, rich people rule • Some ruled by tyrant—controls government against people’s wishes • Some develop early democracies—citizens take part in government NEXT SECTION 2 Athens and Sparta Rival City-States • Athens is one of largest, most important ancient city-states • By late 500s B.C., Athens develops democratic government - free, adult male citizens debate, vote on laws - women, slaves, foreigners cannot participate • Sparta was oligarchy, ruled by two kings • Both city-states have powerful armies NEXT SECTION 2 Learning and the Arts Post-Victory Achievements • In 480 B.C., Persia tries to conquer Greek Peninsula - several city-states—including Athens, Sparta—stop the invasion • After victory, Greeks make leaps in arts, learning Literature • Greeks create myths, write plays, poems to honor gods, goddesses • Aeschylus, Euripides write tragedies—serious plays, end unhappily • Aristophanes’ plays poke fun at citizens, generals, politicians Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued Learning and the Arts Philosophy • Ancient Greece is birthplace of important ancient thinkers • Socrates is important fifth-century B.C. philosopher - a philosopher studies, thinks about why the world is the way it is - Socrates examines friendship, knowledge, justice • Socrates’ student Plato studies behavior, politics, math, astronomy Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued Learning and the Arts The Spread of Greek Culture • Constant war between city-states weakens them by 300s B.C. - in 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia conquers area - after Philip’s death, his son, Alexander, takes control • Alexander the Great, taught by Aristotle, is great military leader • His empire spreads Greek culture through Mediterranean to India - after Alexander’s death, generals divide the empire NEXT Section 3 Ancient Rome The ancient Romans make important contributions to government, law, and engineering. NEXT SECTION 3 Ancient Rome The Beginnings of Ancient Rome The Formation of the Roman Republic Chart • Tiber River villages in Italy unite to form Rome around 750 B.C. • Kings rule Rome for 200 years • In 509 B.C., Rome becomes a republic—power belongs to citizens - citizens govern themselves through elected representatives The Senate • Powerful Roman Senate is assembly of elected representatives - each year selects two leaders—consuls—to head government, military Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued The Beginnings of Ancient Rome Patricians • Early Senate is made up mainly of patricians— members of rich, landowning families - as the only citizens allowed to be judges, they control the law Plebeians • Plebeian—ordinary, working male citizen: farmer, craftsperson - can vote, but cannot hold public office until 287 B.C. - in 287 B.C., plebeians gain equality with patricians NEXT SECTION 3 The Expansion of the Roman World Controlling the Mediterranean Map • By 200s B.C., Rome rules Italian Peninsula, central Mediterranean • Carthage city-state rules North Africa, southern Spain - controls western Mediterranean, but defeated by Rome • As population grows, Rome’s army, territories expand • Roman culture, language spreads into Spain, Greece • By 100 B.C., Rome rules most of Mediterranean area NEXT SECTION 3 From Republic to Empire The End of the Roman Republic • Julius Caesar—Roman general, governor of Gaul - Senate fears he is too powerful, orders him to resign • In 45 B.C, Caesar wins the battle to control Republic - returns to Rome, becomes dictator, ends the Republic Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued From Republic to Empire The Beginning of the Roman Empire • Senators kill Caesar in 44 B.C.; civil war erupts • In 27 B.C., Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) begins Roman Empire - an empire is ruled by a single, powerful leader • As emperor, Octavian took the name Augustus Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued From Republic to Empire The Augustan Age Map • Augustus rules Empire for over 40 years, continues its expansion - borders extend north to Rhine, Danube rivers • Architects, engineers build new buildings, lighthouses • Trade of olive oil, wine, pottery, marble, grain increases • Literature includes Virgil’s long poem the Aeneid • “Pax Romana” (Roman Peace)—200 years of peace, cultural growth NEXT SECTION 3 The Rise of Christianity A New Religion • Christianity spreads from Middle East after Augustus dies, A.D. 14 • At first, mostly popular in eastern half of the Empire - spreads along transportation network through Empire by 200 A.D. • Most leaders tolerate Empire’s different religions - but Christians are persecuted, punished, killed for their beliefs NEXT SECTION 3 The First Christian Emperor Constantine’s Vision • Constantine becomes emperor in A.D. 306 • Before a battle in 312, he has a vision of a cross in the sky - promises if he wins the battle, he will become a Christian - wins battle, keeps promise • Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire NEXT Section 4 Time of Change: The Middle Ages The Middle Ages are a time of great change in Western Europe. NEXT SECTION 4 Time of Change: The Middle Ages Western Europe in Collapse The Beginning of the Medieval Era • Roman Empire collapses in 400s • People flee to countryside to escape invaders from north, east • No central government to maintain roads, buildings, water systems • Towns, cities shrink, are abandoned; travel is unsafe, less common • Medieval era (Middle Ages)—between fall of Rome, modern world - people turn to military, Roman Catholic Church for leadership NEXT SECTION 4 Charlemagne and the Christian Church A New Roman Emperor • Charlemagne (Charles the Great)—Germanic king, military leader - in late 700s, brings order to former Empire’s northwest • Pope in Rome allies with Charlemagne to strengthen Catholic Church • In 800, Pope crowns Charlemagne new Holy Roman Emperor - education improves, government strengthens, Catholicism spreads • After Charlemagne’s death, Western Europe again lacks strong leader NEXT SECTION 4 The Role of the Church The Center of the Community • Churches are center of Western European medieval communities - hold services, build orphanages, host feasts and festivals Monks and Nuns • Some people choose to dedicate their lives to God, the Church • Monks—men who pray, study, copy holy books - their communities—monasteries—become centers of learning • Nuns—women who serve Church, pray, sew, teach girls, care for poor NEXT SECTION 4 Two Medieval Systems The Feudal System • Most land belongs to powerful nobles—lords, kings, church officials • Feudalism—nobles’ system of political ties through land - powerful noble gives land to less-powerful noble - lesser noble—vassal—vows to serve; provides knights, soldiers, arms • The land granted is called a fief - at center is manor—castle, farmland, villages, church Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued Two Medieval Systems Manorialism • Peasants live, farm manor land, but don’t own their own land • Manorialism—peasants give labor, some of their food to lord - in exchange, lord protects them • Serfs are peasants who belong to the fief they live on - not slaves, but not free to leave without permission NEXT SECTION 4 Medieval Ways of Life Castle Life • Large manor houses (castles) built for protection not comfort - cold, damp, dark, with thick stone walls, few windows - Smoky from fires; no indoor plumbing; infested with lice, pests Image Peasant Life • Small homes outside castle walls have dirt floors, straw roofs - peasant families often keep farm animals in the home • Work for lord two to three days a week; farm own plots rest of week NEXT SECTION 4 The Growth of Medieval Towns Shift from Farms to Towns • By mid-1000s, farming methods increase supplies, shorten harvest • Fewer farmers are needed, so people move back to towns - towns become trade centers; more people own property, businesses Guilds • Tradespeople, craftspeople form guilds—business associations - protect workers’ rights, set wages and prices, settle disputes • Guild membership often required in order to seek elected office NEXT SECTION 4 The Late Middle Ages Governments Challenge the Church • As towns grow, citizens start local governments, elect leaders • Pope claims authority over all Christian lands - kings, other leaders disagree The Magna Carta • English nobles rebel against King John - force him to sign Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215 - limits king’s power, gives nobles larger role in government NEXT This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. 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