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Middle Ages Europe’s Latitude v. US R E G I O N S Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsulas? OR A Peninsula of Asia? Europe: An Asian Peninsula? Northern Peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula Jutland Peninsula Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Crimean Peninsula Italian Peninsula Balkan Anatolean Peninsula Peninsula B o d i e s Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Sea Baltic Sea of W a t e r Caspian Sea Bay of Biscay Dardanelles Strait Strait of Gibraltar Tyrrhenian Sea Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Black Sea R i v e r s Thames R. Po R. Tagus R. Ebro R. The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum Strait of Gibraltar & the “Pillars of Hercules” 2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide “Crossroads of 3 Continents” The Danube River Biking Along the Danube Where Buda & Pest Meet Flows through the 12 countries of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. The Volga River The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles. Why are most of the capitals of Europe on major rivers?? Capitals on the Rivers (1) London on the Thames Paris, right bank of the Seine Prague on the Vltava Budapest on the Danube Capitals on the Rivers (2) Moscow on the Moscow River Berlin on the Spree Rome on the Tiber Vienna on the Danube What’s the answer ?? Answer: They are Europe’s lifeline! M o u t a i n s & Caucasus Mts. Alps Mts. P e a k s Mt. Vesuvius ^ Mt. Olympus ^ Mt. Etna ^ The Alps Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, and parts of Italy and France. Mt. Blanc in the Alps Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet Transylvania in the Carpathian Mountains Home of Vlad Tepeš, the Drakul (“Count Dracula”) Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide” Divides the European and Asian sections of Russia. The Ural Mountains European background Isolated and cut off from Middle East. India and China. Germanic invaders shifted focus to North: Scandinavian peninsula British Isles Northern Europe: Denmark, Germany, France and Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean countries Resources there: – Timber – Agriculture – Minerals – Fishing – Hunting Tribes: – Would live in small communities and elect warrior kings. Trade Guild – Association of people who worked at the same occupation – Set standard price and size Recreation of Towns With the re-development of trade, new towns formed Towns were not planned very well – Streets were narrow – No Sewers – Waste was dumped in the streets – Most never bathed – No fresh water supply Surnames People can trace their last names back to medieval occupations – Smites- means works with metal Brownsmith- copper Goldsmith- gold Silversmith- silver – Work with wood—Carpenter – Places—person from Wales had the name Welsh – New people might be named Newman Feudalism Feudalism Lord- landowner Fief- land granted Vassal- person who received the fief Serfs- people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born—they could be sold or bought Knights- warriors who pledged to defend their lord’s land Invasions Trigger Change Disruption of trade Downfall of cities Population shift Decline of learning – Few people can read and write – Mainly church officials – Oral traditions continued – Loss of common language Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Shift from government and written law Germanic society banned through family and personal loyalty Warriors would fight for a leader they respected but not a king they do not know Spread of Christianity Christianity spreads among the people Monasteries and Convents begin to emerge Gregory I becomes pope in 590 – Named Gregory the Great – Under Gregory they become a worldly power Franks Germanic tribe in control of Gaul Clovis was the leader During a battle versus another Germanic Clovis prayed for help After the prayer the tide shifted to Clovis, which enables him to win Clovis converts to Christianity Eventually, Clovis unites the Germanic tribes Franks and Rome begin a close relationship Clovis: King of Franks – Conquered Gaul: – now France and converted to Christianity. Who is an automatic ally because of this? – ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH! MUSLIMS ON THEIR WAY THROUGH EUROPE! Muslims advanced through Spain and parts of France. – Defeated in 732 AD by Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) at the Battle of Tours. Charles Martel Was mayor of the palace – This became the most powerful person in the kingdom Nickname: “Charles the Hammer” Defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 – Why is this an important outcome for European history? Age of Chivalry Charles Martel observed the Muslims on horseback Saddle and stirrups Knights would receive land for their services Their pastimes revolved around training for war Pepin the Short Son of Martel Pepin wanted to become king – Lombards were invading Italy – Pepin agreed to fight them – After defeating them, St. Boniface, the pope crowned him “king by the grace of God” Start of Carolingian (KAR- uh-LIHN-juhn) Dynasty Charlemagne Son of Pepin Also known as “Charles the Great” Stood more than 6ft tall. Could read but not write. Sent out “missi dominici”: provincial rulers to check on roads, grievances and ensure justice in the kingdom. Loved battle: united Germanic tribes of Europe. Charlemagne Helped to spread Christianity, while uniting Germanic tribes western Europe In 800 Charlemagne defeated an unruly mob that attacked the pope Pope Leo III thanked him by crowning him emperor Charlemagne Education was a staple to his reign. – Palace school of Aachen (AH-kuhn) Run by respected scholar: Alcuin (AL-kwihn) Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts including Bible and Latin works in History and Science – Became the textbooks of Europe for over 700 years. Treaty of Verdun Divided Charlemagne’s empire into three sections – West- Charles the Bald – Central- Lothair – East- Louis the German Knighthood Ideals – Loyal – Brave – Courteous Most treated the lower class brutally Public shame for disregard – Spurs were cut off – Sword broken over their head – Thrown in a coffin, then dragged to a church – Mock funeral service Knighthood Page – Sent by parents to another lord – Waited on their guests – Played chess – Practiced sword fighting Squire – Around the age of 14 raised to the rank of squire – Took care of knight’s armor, weapons, and warhorse Knighthood Tournaments – Two armies of knights would face each other – Winners could usually demanded large ransoms from defeated knights Manor Heart of Medieval economy Self-sufficiency was part of manor life Food, clothing etc. provided on manor. Mill ground grain, well provided water, ovens produced bread, blacksmith forged implements for farming and weapons for knights. Life expectancy on manor was 35 Had a tower ringed by a fence or wall Surrounded by a moat Ditch filled with water. Drawbridge controlled by interior, restricted access Castles Battering Ram Used to crack walls or drawbridges Siege Tower Had a platform on top that lowered like a drawbridge Support weapons and troops Trebuchet Giant slingshot – – – – – – Pots of burning lime Boulders Severed human heads Soldiers Diseased cows Dead horses Catapult Flung huge rocks that crashed into castle walls Chivalry Code of conduct for knights. Captured knights could be released after a ransom was paid Women were protected and honored. The Medieval Church: Middle Ages called “age of faith” Roman Catholic Church – After fall of Rome, church split into eastern and western. Western branch of church – Roman Catholic Eastern branch of church- Eastern Orthodox Church Pope – Religious and secular (worldly) leader – Ruled in papal states (Italy) – Claimed authority over secular rulers. Christian beliefs Belief: All people are sinners Sinners were doomed to eternal suffering – Achieve salvation through the sacraments. Canon law: – Law of the church – applied to church teachings, clergy, marriage and morals. Excommunication = break church laws. – No sacraments, shunned, no burial on sacred ground Interdict: Tithe – tax to church equal to 1/10 of income exclusion of town from receiving the sacraments. Church and Holy Roman Empire Issue with lay investiture – Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials called “simony”. Simony – selling of positions in the church. ie. Bishops and archbishops – 1075 -Pope Gregory VII banned it – German Emperor Henry IV called the pope a false monk and ordered him to step down – Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV Henry IV stood for three days in the snow – Why? Repentance and remorse - hoping for forgiveness and allowed back into the church Church and Holy Roman Empire Henry IV was one of the strongest rulers in Europe at the time – Gregory stood his ground – Won an important political battle at the time What did this say about the Church and its influence? Concordat of Worms Issued under Henry V Rule: – Emperor could grant a bishop secular powers HOWEVER – The Church alone could grant a bishop sacred authority (ring and staff) Monasticism Benedict – Monte Cassino, Italy 530 AD Monks and nuns: – Vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. – Devoted to prayer and manual labor – Kept inside monastery walls away – Tended to sick, gave alms, set up schools Monks Virgil – Aenied – Copied as a form of labor Cassiodorus (Italy) – Summaries of Latin and Greek works Venerable Bede (England) – First to use AD and BC to date historical events St. Patrick (Ireland) – Monk who crossed into Ireland to set up Irish Church St. Augustine (England) – Monk sent as a missionary to Angles and Saxons – Archbishop of Canterbury Frederick Barbarossa First ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire Fought with the pope His enemies formed the Lombard League, they defeated him After he drowned in 1190 his empire became fragmented