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Chapter 13
Section 1
Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under
Charlemagne
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Invasion Triggers Change
• Repeated barbarian invasions disrupted
Western Europe:
• Disruption of Trade: money issues develop
• Downfall of Cities: cities abandoned
• Population Shifts: People fled the cities
leaving no strong leadership
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Invasion Triggers Change
• The Germanic invaders
could not read & write,
and the knowledge of
Greek & Roman culture
almost disappeared.
• There was a
language breakdown
as well.
?
?
?
Its all
Greek
to me.
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Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
• Family ties & personal loyalty, rather
that citizenship to a public state,
bound Germanic society together.
• They were governed by unwritten
rules & traditions.
• Germanic warriors did show loyalty
to their chief who they proudly
fought for.
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Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
• Gaul
• Led by the Franks.
• Clovis
• A convert to Christianity.
• This allowed him to unite the
Franks into one kingdom
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Germanic Peoples Adopt
Christianity
• To adapt to rural conditions the
Church built monasteries.
• The Monks will give up their
possessions to convert the tribes.
• Benedict will write a rule that
will be the guide for religious
communities in the West
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Germanic Peoples Adopt
Christianity
• Pope Gregory I will broaden
the authority of the pope
into secular power.
• Church money was used to
raise armies, repair roads, &
help the poor.
• Negotiated treaties as well.
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A European Empire Evolves
• Clovis had laid the foundations for the Frankish kingdom.
• By 700, the mayor of the palace was technically in
charge.
• 719 – Charles Martel, the Hammer, will extend the
Frank’s kingdom.
• He will also defeat the Muslims
in Spain at the Battle of
Tours making him a Christian
hero.
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A European Empire Evolves
• Pepin the Short
• Formed an alliance with the pope.
• Pepin fought the Lombards & in
return the pope appointed Pepin
“king by the grace of God.”
• Will leave the kingdom to his
sons.
• Carolingian Dynasty
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Charlemagne
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Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
• Charlemagne (Charles the
Great)
• Built an empire greater
than any known since
Ancient Rome.
• Known for spreading
Christianity.
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Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
• In the year 800, Charlemagne
is crowned emperor by Pope
Leo III.
• The pope had claimed the
political right to confer the
title “Roman Emperor” on a
European king.
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Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
• Charlemagne limited the authority of the nobles.
• He sent out royal agents to check on his
territories.
• He visited his kingdom frequently.
• Learning was an important part of his empire,
ex ~ schools for priests, monks copying
manuscripts
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Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
• Charlemagne dies in 814
leaving his kingdom to his
son Louis the Pious
(ineffective ruler).
• Louis’ three sons, Lothair,
Charles the Bald, & Louis the
German will eventually divide
the kingdom after much
fighting.
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Section 2
Feudalism in
Europe
New Invasions Trouble Western
Europe
• Vikings
• From Scandinavia & were the
most feared.
• Fierce warriors but traders as
well, going far beyond Western
Europe.
• As the Vikings began to accept
Christianity & the climate
changed in Scandinavia, the
Viking threat was lessened
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New Invasions Trouble
Western Europe
• Invasions from the Magyars & the Muslims will also
create problems.
• The Vikings, Magyars, & Muslims made most western
Europeans to live in constant fear.
• Local rulers who could fight the invaders will get the
most support
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Feudalism
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Feudalism Structures Society
• Eventually, the system of governing &
landowning called feudalism emerged.
• The feudal system was based on mutual
obligations:
• In exchange for military protection a Lord,
granted land called a fief.
• The person receiving the fief was called a
vassal.
• Feudal Society worked as a triangle
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Feudalism Structures Society
• Under the Kings & vassals, the knights
pledged their loyalty to fight for the vassal
in exchange for a fief.
• The Peasants would be at the base of the
pyramid working in the fields.
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Feudalism Structures Society
• Status determined a person’s
prestige.
• Those who fought, those who prayed
& those who worked.
• Most of the peasants were serfs:
people who could not leave the
place where they were born.
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Manors : The Economic Side
• The manor was the lord’s estate.
• The lord provided the serfs with
housing, strips of land, & protection.
• In return, the serfs tended the lord’s
land, cared for the animals, &
maintained the estate.
• 15 to 30 families lived in the village
on a manor & was self-sufficient. (pg.
326)
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Manors : The Economic Side
• Peasants had to pay taxes to the Lords as well a tithe
or church tax.
• The tithe was usually 1/10 of their income.
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Section 3
The Age of Chivalry
The Knights
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Warriors on Horseback
• Eventually, mounted knights became the most
important part of an army.
• Western Europe will become a battleground for warring
nobles vying for power. Knights became vital to this
system.
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Knighthood & Chivalry
•
Chivalry ~ Code that demanded that a knight fight
bravely in defense of 3 masters & were brave, loyal
& courteous.
1. Feudal Lord
2. Heavenly Lord
3. Chosen Lady
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Knighthood & Chivalry
• Boys trained for knighthood
at an early age.
• Some knights would fight in
mock battles called
tournaments.
• Actual battles were far more
gruesome & violent
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Literature of Chivalry
• Feudal Lords & ladies
listened to epic poems about
King Arthur & The Song of
Roland.
• Troubadours were the poetmusicians at the castles of
Europe.
• Mostly songs about love.
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The Shifting Role of Women
• Women’s role remained
unchanged during the Middle
Ages (home or convent).
• Noblewomen did have some
rights:
• EX ~ inherit an estate,
send knights into battle,
participated in attacks.
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Section 4
The Church Wields
Power
The Scope of Church Authority
• Pope Gelasius I:
• Pope should bow to the emperor in
political matters.
• Emperor should bow to the pope in
religious matters.
• However, the Church will be a stable
force in the people’s lives. It will
become the religious & social center.
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The Scope of Church Authority
• All Christians were subject to
canon law.
• Excommunication
• banishment from the Church.
• Interdict
• Sacraments & religious
services could not be
performed in the king’s land.
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Church & Holy Roman Empire
•
Otto I
• gained support of the
clergy to put down the
nobility.
• crowned emperor by the
pope for defeating
invaders.
• people began to fear the
growing German influence.
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Holy Roman Emperor Clashes
with the Pope
• Church officials were upset at the
king’s interference especially Pope
Gregory VII who banned lay
investiture.
• Henry IV, the German emperor fired
back at the pope & was then
excommunicated.
• This problem was settled with the
Concordat of Worms in 1122.
Gregory VII
Henry IV
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