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Middle Ages
Europe’s Latitude v. US
R
E
G
I
O
N
S
Europe: A Peninsula
of Peninsulas?
OR
A Peninsula of Asia?
Europe: An Asian Peninsula?
Northern Peninsulas
Scandinavian Peninsula
Jutland Peninsula
Southern Peninsulas
Iberian
Peninsula
Crimean
Peninsula
Italian
Peninsula Balkan Anatolean
Peninsula
Peninsula
B
o
d
i
e
s
Arctic
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
North
Sea
Baltic
Sea
of
W
a
t
e
r
Caspian
Sea
Bay of
Biscay
Dardanelles
Strait
Strait of
Gibraltar
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Aegean
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Black
Sea
R
i
v
e
r
s
Thames R.
Po R.
Tagus R.
Ebro R.
The Mediterranean Sea:
Mare Nostrum
Strait of Gibraltar
& the “Pillars of
Hercules”
 2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide
 “Crossroads of 3 Continents”
The Danube River
Biking
Along the
Danube
Where Buda
& Pest Meet
 Flows through the 12 countries of Germany, Austria,
Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the
Ukraine.
The Volga River
 The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.
Why are most
of the capitals
of Europe on
major rivers??
Capitals on the Rivers (1)
London on the Thames
Paris, right bank of the Seine
Prague on the Vltava
Budapest on the Danube
Capitals on the Rivers (2)
Moscow on the Moscow River
Berlin on the Spree
Rome on the Tiber
Vienna on the Danube
What’s
the
answer
??
Answer:
They are
Europe’s lifeline!
M
o
u
t
a
i
n
s
&
Caucasus Mts.
Alps Mts.
P
e
a
k
s
Mt. Vesuvius ^
Mt. Olympus ^
Mt. Etna ^
The Alps
 Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, and
parts of Italy and France.
Mt. Blanc in the Alps
 Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet
Transylvania in the Carpathian Mountains
 Home of Vlad Tepeš, the
Drakul (“Count Dracula”)
Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”
 Divides the European and Asian sections of
Russia.
The Ural Mountains
European background
Isolated and cut off from Middle East.
India and China.
 Germanic invaders shifted focus to North:

 Scandinavian peninsula
 British Isles
 Northern Europe: Denmark, Germany, France and
Iberian Peninsula
 Mediterranean countries
Resources there:
– Timber
– Agriculture
– Minerals
– Fishing
– Hunting
Tribes:
– Would live in
small
communities
and elect
warrior kings.
Trade

Guild
– Association of people who worked at the
same occupation
– Set standard price and size
Recreation of Towns
With the re-development of trade, new
towns formed
 Towns were not planned very well

– Streets were narrow
– No Sewers
– Waste was dumped in the streets
– Most never bathed
– No fresh water supply
Surnames

People can trace their last names back to
medieval occupations
– Smites- means works with metal
 Brownsmith- copper
 Goldsmith- gold
 Silversmith- silver
– Work with wood—Carpenter
– Places—person from Wales had the name
Welsh
– New people might be named Newman
Feudalism
Feudalism
Lord- landowner
 Fief- land granted
 Vassal- person who received the fief
 Serfs- people who could not lawfully leave
the place where they were born—they
could be sold or bought
 Knights- warriors who pledged to defend
their lord’s land

Invasions Trigger Change
Disruption of trade
 Downfall of cities
 Population shift
 Decline of learning

– Few people can read and write
– Mainly church officials
– Oral traditions continued
– Loss of common language
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Shift from government and written law
 Germanic society banned through family
and personal loyalty
 Warriors would fight for a leader they
respected but not a king they do not know

Spread of Christianity
Christianity spreads among the people
 Monasteries and Convents begin to
emerge
 Gregory I becomes pope in 590

– Named Gregory the Great
– Under Gregory they become a worldly power
Franks







Germanic tribe in control of Gaul
Clovis was the leader
During a battle versus another Germanic Clovis
prayed for help
After the prayer the tide shifted to Clovis, which
enables him to win
Clovis converts to Christianity
Eventually, Clovis unites the Germanic tribes
Franks and Rome begin a close relationship
Clovis: King of Franks
– Conquered Gaul:
– now France and converted to Christianity.
 Who is an automatic ally because of this?
– ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH!

MUSLIMS ON THEIR WAY THROUGH EUROPE!
Muslims advanced through Spain and parts of France.
– Defeated in 732 AD by Charles Martel (Charles the
Hammer) at the Battle of Tours.
Charles Martel

Was mayor of the palace
– This became the most powerful person in the
kingdom
 Nickname: “Charles the Hammer”

Defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours in
732
– Why is this an important outcome for
European history?
Age of Chivalry
Charles Martel
observed the Muslims
on horseback
 Saddle and stirrups
 Knights would receive
land for their services
 Their pastimes
revolved around
training for war

Pepin the Short
Son of Martel
 Pepin wanted to become king

– Lombards were invading Italy
– Pepin agreed to fight them
– After defeating them, St. Boniface, the pope
crowned him “king by the grace of God”

Start of Carolingian (KAR- uh-LIHN-juhn)
Dynasty
Charlemagne






Son of Pepin
Also known as “Charles the Great”
Stood more than 6ft tall.
Could read but not write.
Sent out “missi dominici”: provincial rulers to
check on roads, grievances and ensure justice in
the kingdom.
Loved battle: united Germanic tribes of Europe.
Charlemagne
Helped to spread
Christianity, while
uniting Germanic
tribes western Europe
 In 800 Charlemagne
defeated an unruly
mob that attacked the
pope
 Pope Leo III thanked
him by crowning him
emperor

Charlemagne

Education was a staple to his reign.
– Palace school of Aachen (AH-kuhn)
 Run by respected scholar: Alcuin (AL-kwihn)
 Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts
including Bible and Latin works in History and
Science
– Became the textbooks of Europe for over 700 years.
Treaty of Verdun

Divided Charlemagne’s empire into three
sections
– West- Charles the Bald
– Central- Lothair
– East- Louis the German
Knighthood

Ideals
– Loyal
– Brave
– Courteous
Most treated the lower
class brutally
 Public shame for
disregard

– Spurs were cut off
– Sword broken over their
head
– Thrown in a coffin, then
dragged to a church
– Mock funeral service
Knighthood

Page
– Sent by parents to
another lord
– Waited on their guests
– Played chess
– Practiced sword
fighting

Squire
– Around the age of 14
raised to the rank of
squire
– Took care of knight’s
armor, weapons, and
warhorse
Knighthood

Tournaments
– Two armies of knights would face each other
– Winners could usually demanded large
ransoms from defeated knights
Manor
Heart of Medieval
economy
 Self-sufficiency was
part of manor life
 Food, clothing etc.
provided on manor.

 Mill ground grain, well
provided water, ovens
produced bread,
blacksmith forged
implements for farming
and weapons for
knights.
 Life expectancy on
manor was 35
Had a tower
ringed by a
fence or wall
 Surrounded by a
moat

 Ditch filled with
water.

Drawbridge
controlled by
interior,
restricted access
Castles
Battering Ram

Used to crack walls or
drawbridges
Siege Tower
Had a platform on top
that lowered like a
drawbridge
 Support weapons and
troops

Trebuchet

Giant slingshot
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pots of burning lime
Boulders
Severed human heads
Soldiers
Diseased cows
Dead horses
Catapult

Flung huge rocks that crashed
into castle walls
Chivalry
Code of conduct for
knights.
 Captured knights
could be released
after a ransom was
paid
 Women were
protected and
honored.

The Medieval Church:
Middle Ages called “age of faith”

Roman Catholic
Church
– After fall of Rome,
church split into
eastern and western.
 Western branch of
church – Roman
Catholic
 Eastern branch of
church- Eastern
Orthodox Church

Pope
– Religious and secular
(worldly) leader
– Ruled in papal states
(Italy)
– Claimed authority over
secular rulers.
Christian beliefs
Belief: All people are sinners
 Sinners were doomed to eternal suffering

– Achieve salvation through the sacraments.

Canon law:
– Law of the church
– applied to church teachings, clergy, marriage and morals.

Excommunication = break church laws.
– No sacraments, shunned, no burial on sacred ground

Interdict:

Tithe – tax to church equal to 1/10 of income
exclusion of town from receiving the sacraments.
Church and Holy Roman Empire

Issue with lay investiture
– Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed
church officials called “simony”.
 Simony – selling of positions in the church.

ie. Bishops and archbishops
– 1075 -Pope Gregory VII banned it
– German Emperor Henry IV called the pope a false
monk and ordered him to step down
– Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV
 Henry IV stood for three days in the snow
– Why?
 Repentance and remorse - hoping for forgiveness and
allowed back into the church
Church and Holy Roman Empire

Henry IV was one of the strongest rulers
in Europe at the time
– Gregory stood his ground
– Won an important political battle at the time
 What did this say about the Church and its
influence?
Concordat of Worms
Issued under Henry V
 Rule:

– Emperor could grant a bishop secular powers
HOWEVER
– The Church alone could grant a bishop
sacred authority (ring and staff)
Monasticism
Benedict – Monte Cassino, Italy 530 AD
 Monks and nuns:

– Vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
– Devoted to prayer and manual labor
– Kept inside monastery walls away
– Tended to sick, gave alms, set up schools
Monks

Virgil – Aenied
– Copied as a form of labor

Cassiodorus (Italy)
– Summaries of Latin and Greek works

Venerable Bede (England)
– First to use AD and BC to date historical events

St. Patrick (Ireland)
– Monk who crossed into Ireland to set up Irish Church

St. Augustine (England)
– Monk sent as a missionary to Angles and Saxons
– Archbishop of Canterbury
Frederick Barbarossa
First ruler to call his
lands the Holy Roman
Empire
 Fought with the pope
 His enemies formed
the Lombard League,
they defeated him
 After he drowned in
1190 his empire
became fragmented
