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Chapter 11 The Expansive Realm of Islam 1 Muhammad and His Message Born 570 CE to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 CE, works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula 2 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions ca. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism Attracts followers to Mecca 3 The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632 CE) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 4 Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industries (shrines & the Ka’ba) Denunciation of greed affront to local merchants & aristocracy 5 The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 6 The “Seal of the Prophets” ***Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism and Christianity Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts 7 Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 CE Forced Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca Approved as pilgrimage site 8 The Ka’ba 9 The Five Pillars of Islam 1. No god but Allah, and Muhammad as His prophet 2. Daily prayer facing Mecca 3. Fasting during the month of Ramada 4. Charity towards the weak and the poor 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once 10 Muslims at Prayer 11 Jihad “Struggle” Against vice and evil Against unbelief, ignorance of Islam In some circumstances, wage war against unbelievers who threaten Islam 12 Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity 13 The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph (“deputy”) Leads war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad 14 The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory 15 The Expansion of Islam, 632–733 CE 16 The Shia sect Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Ali serves as caliph 656–661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: “Sunni” sect 17 Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala 18 The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria 19 Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims ***Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyads’ luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority 20 The Abbasid Dynasty (750–1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas: a descendent of Muhammand’s uncle. Although he was Sunni Arab, allied with Shia and non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 CE Invites Umayyads to banquet, then massacres them 21 Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam “house of Islam” Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces, not policies of the caliphs. 22 Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadis) 23 Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility 24 Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons Trade routes from India to Spain Agricultural sciences develop Cotton and paper industries develop Major cities emerge 25 Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes Camel caravans Maritime trade 26 Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop Sakk (check) Joint ventures common 27 Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take Spain, early 8th century Allied to Umayyads, refuse to recognize Abbasid dynasty Form own caliphate Tensions, but interrelationship 28 Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women Outlaws female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance is preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 29 Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the hajj Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity 30 Cultural Influences on Islam Persia Administration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, especially Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroës (1126–1198) 31