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Chapter 7 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Extent of Abbasid Empire at it’s height I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries – peasant revolts • Al-Mahdi (775-785) – Shi-a unreconciled – succession not secure The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes – Harun al-Rashid • son of al-Mahdi • The Thousand and One Nights • Barmicides – Persian advisors • death followed by civil war – al-Ma'mun • B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder – Civil unrest – Caliphs build lavishly • tax burden increases • agriculture suffers I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • C. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society – Seclusion, veil, harem – Diff b/t rich and poor women? • D. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power – Former provinces threaten Abbasids – Buyids, Persia • take Baghdad, 945 • Sultans – Seljuk Turks • 1055, defeat Buyids • Sunnis – Shi'a purges • defeat Byzantines, Egypt • E. The Impact of the Christian Crusades – 1096, Western European Christian knights • small kingdoms established – Saladin retakes lands • last in 1291 Buyid Empire II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • Urban growth • Merchants thrive • A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature – Persian now the court language; replaces Arabic as primary written language • administration, literature – Arabic in religion, law, sciences – Calligraphy – Firdawsi (author) • Shah-Nama – epic poem II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • B. Achievements in the Sciences – Math • build on Greek work – Chemistry • Experiments • Al-Biruni – specific weights of 18 minerals – Medicine • Hospitals • courses of study II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion – Sufis • Mysticism • Much of religious vitality centered on this movement – Ulama • Conservative • against outside influence • Greek philosophy rejected – Qur'an sufficient – Al-Ghazali (thinker; theologian) • synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas • opposed by orthodoxy • D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate – Mongols • Chinggis Khan • Hulegu (grandson) • 1258, Baghdad falls – last Abbasid killed III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • • By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems 1. Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism 2. Muslim egalitarianis m v. Indian caste system The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries What did India encounter when Muslims entered India? Why were they not used to this? • India used to absorbing peoples into their empire; results from the strength and flexibility of India’s civilizations and from the fact that India’s peoples usually enjoyed a higher level of material culture than migrant groups entering subcontinent • This changes in last years of 7th century • When Muslims arrive, peoples of India encounter, for the 1st time, a large influx of bearers of a civilization as sophisticated, if not as ancient, as their own • Hinduism: – Open, tolerant, inclusive of widely varying forms of religious devotion – Validate caste hierarchy • Islam: – Doctrinaire, committed to the exclusive worship of a single, transcendent god – Highly egalitarian III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions – First Muslims as traders, 8th century • attack lead to invasion – Muhammad ibn Qasim • Umayyad general (17 yrs old) • takes Sind, Indus valleys • Indians treated as dhimmi • B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization – Math, medicine, music, astronomy – India influences Arab III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions – 10th century, Turkish slave dynasty established in Afghanistan • Mahmud of Ghazni – begins invasion of India – Muhammad of Ghur • Persian • Estb. Political state in Indus valley • his lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak – forms state capital at Delhi – Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years • D. Patterns of Conversion – Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables • also conversion to escape taxes III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • E. Patterns of Accommodation – High-caste Hindus remain apart • Muslims also often fail to integrate • F. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period – Brahmins v. ulama • > separate communities IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia • Shrivijaya – Trading empire that collapses • A. Trading Contacts and Conversion – Trading leads to peaceful conversion • starting with Sumatran ports in NE (13th century) – Malacca • Powerful trading city • Islam spread from here – Coastal cities especially receptive • Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam