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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP “Burning fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step fuel (carbohydrates) O2 CO2 + H2O + heat “Burning fuels” to make energy Aerobic respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP O2 food (carbohydrates) ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat) Energy needs of life • Animals are energy consumers • Why do we need energy? • synthesis (building for growth) • reproduction • active transport • movement • temperature control (heat) Where do we get energy? • Energy is stored in organic molecules • carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Animals eat organic molecules food • digest food to get • fuels for energy ATP • raw materials for building more molecules •carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids What is energy in biology? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff! Harvesting energy stored in food • Cellular respiration • breaking down food to produce ATP • in mitochondria • using oxygen food • “aerobic” respiration • usually digesting glucose • but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins ATP O2 glucose + oxygen energy + carbon + water dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O What do we need to make energy? • The “Furnace” for making energy • mitochondria • Fuel • food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Helpers • oxygen • enzymes food enzymes • Product • ATP • Waste products • carbon dioxide • then used by plants • water Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! O2 ATP CO2 H2O Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP too unstable used only in the cell that produces it short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenosine DiPhosphate work ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second How organisms turn fuel into ATP Fuel (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) Oxygen present? no yes Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Aerobic Cellular Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP ATP Makes only a little ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP Makes a LOT of ATP Aerobic Cellular Respiration 3 Major Steps: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 1. Glycolysis • Glyco = glucose lysis = splitting • Where: in the cytoplasm • Uses: NO oxygen • Makes: • Pyruvate (passed to Krebs Cycle) • A little ATP • NADH (electron bus… headed to the Electron Transport Chain) Glycolosis (no O2 required) Glucose G3P 2 Pyruvate 2. Krebs Cycle • Where? • in the mitochondrial matrix • Uses: - pyruvate (from glycolysis) • Makes: • NADH (electron bus) • FADH2 (electron bus) • A little ATP (energy) • Carbon Dioxide (waste product) Krebs Cycle • 2 Acetyl CoA enters cycle to form Citric Acid one at a time 3. Electron Transport • Where? • Inner mitochondrial membrane • Uses: • NADH & FADH2 • Remember these are like “electron buses” that drop off electrons to the ETC (aka: electron transport chain) • Oxygen • Pulls electrons down the ETC and accepts them at the end of the ETC • This is why we die if we don’t get oxygen! • Makes: ATP • Water (waste product) • A BUNCH of ATP • (whoohooo… big energy!) Important! Electron Transport How does the ETC make so much energy (ATP)? Answer = Chemiosmosis Sound familiar? We learned it in photosynthesis too! Electron Transport • NADH & FADH2 drop off electrons • Electrons move down the electron transport chain • pulled down the chain by oxygen • Hydrogen ions diffuse from an area of high concentration (outside the membrane) to an area of low concentration (inner-membrane space) through ATP synthase. • ATP synthase is like an energy turbine, producing lots of ATP! Electron Transport Anaerobic Respiration We know that aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen, but what happens if there is no oxygen available? O2 Answer = Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration O2 • The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis • If there is no oxygen present and an organism needs energy, the cell may use anaerobic respiration to continue producing ATP Anaerobic Respiration O2 • also known as fermentation • alcohol fermentation • lactic acid fermentation • no oxygen • no mitochondria (bacteria) yeast • makes very little ATP • large animals cannot survive bacteria Anaerobic Respiration O2 • Fermentation • alcohol fermentation • yeast • glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol • make beer, wine, bread • lactic acid fermentation • bacteria, animals • glucose ATP + lactic acid • bacteria make yogurt • animals feel muscle fatigue Tastes good… but not enough energy for me! Questions! Number your paper 1 to 4 What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? A. to make ATP B. to produce H2O C. to store glucose D. to deliver oxygen Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? A. TCA cycle chemiosmosis B. glycolysis Krebs cycle C. electron absorption phosphorylation D. aerobic pathway fermentation glycolysis electron transport catalysis anaerobic pathway Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. electron transport Which molecule generated by the Krebs Cycle is a waste product? A. CoA B. CO2 C. FADH2 D. NADH Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. A B A B Video