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9.4 Genetic Engineering
Sponge 2
1. What is a DNA fingerprint?
2. Name a few ways that we can use DNA
fingerprints.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. What is a DNA fingerprint?
A DNA fingerprint is a representation of parts of an
individual’s DNA that can be used to identify a person at
the molecular level.
2. Name a few ways that we can use DNA fingerprints.
• crime investigation- ID victim, ID criminal etc…
•Paternity- proving family relationships (Who da’ Dad???)
•Kinship necessary for immigration requests
•Used to study biodiversity
•Follow genetically engineered crops
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Please copy down the questions on p.110. Leave room for the
answers.
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
CC=
Copy Cat
or
Carbon Copy
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Entire organisms can be cloned.
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an
organism.
CC- The
first cloned
cat
Born Dec
22, 2001
after 86
unsuccessful
tries
9.4 Genetic Engineering
•
–
–
–
Cloning occurs in nature.
bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
Identical twins
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear
transfer.
– nucleus is removed from an egg cell
– nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is
implanted in the egg
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Clone Mimi the Mouse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
• Somatic cell and egg cell
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,
and surrogate (who carries the baby)
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
• Mimi and Mini Mimi (the clone)
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
MEET DOLLY
In 1997 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an
adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.
Did you know?
•She was
derived from a
mammary
gland
•She was
named after
Dolly Parton
Dolly and
her lamb
Bonny
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:
• Carp (fish)
• Cat
• Cattle
•Deer
•Dog
• Ferret
•Frog (tadpole)
•Fruit Flies
•Gaur (wild cattle)
• Goat
•Horse
• Mice
• Mouflon (wild sheep)
• Mule
•Pig
•Pyrenean ibex (type of goat)
•*first extinct animal to be
cloned- only lived 7 mins
• Rabbit
• Rat
• Rhesus Monkey
• Sheep
• Water Buffalo
• Wolf
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• benefits
– organs for transplant into humans
– save endangered species
• concerns
– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal
– decreased biodiversity
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Issues with Dolly
•She developed and grew
normally, but she had
health problems
•Did not live as long as
typical sheep
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry
friend will be disappointed…
*CC does
not have the
health issues
normally
associated
with other
clones.
May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have
health issues, and a shorter life span.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning in movies and books
The Island
(2005)
• People on
the island
are told
what to eat,
wear, and
how to act.
• They are
clones. Held
prisoner to
be used for
spare parts
or as
surrogates
The Boys from
Brazil
• After WWII,
Nazis create
94 Hitler
clones in
hopes that
one will
grow up to
be like the
original
Hitler and
create a
fourth Reich
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age
When watching the video, please consider
the advantages and disadvantages of
cloning humans.
•
•
•
•
Religion
Medical advances
Ethics
Health of human clones
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Questions
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
3. Please write a paragraph explaining the
pros and cons of human cloning in your
opinion.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Answers
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
– Identical twins
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
•
•
•
low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original
animal
decreased biodiversity
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Open your biology book to page 225, and write
a summary explaining how genetic engineering
is responsible for making this mouse glow.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent
protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish
into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The
jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result
the mouse cells produce the same protein.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA
to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one
organism into a different organism.
– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all
organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides
A,T,C,G)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA which is DNA
that contains genes from more than one organism.
Foreign DNA
Original DNA
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Bacterial plasmids are often used to make
recombinant DNA.
– plasmids are closed loops of
DNA in bacteria
– restriction enzymes cut
plasmid and foreign DNA
– foreign gene inserted into
plasmid
– Result: New proteins will be
expressed
(bacterial DNA)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Plasmids are used in the production of human
insulin in diabetics:
• Human gene that produces insulin is isolated
and copied many times
• Insert the insulin gene into a plasmid to
combine it with bacterial DNA
• Insert plasmid back into bacterial cell
• Bacteria will produce insulin and multiply
quickly
• Insulin is then gathered an purified
• Diabetics can inject insulin into their
bloodstream to maintain their body sugar
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new
traits.
• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from
another organism inserted into its genome.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Questions
• Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?
• What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?
• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the
dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to
develop in? (Very quiet, in the backgound)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?
To extract DNA from
What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?
A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a
baby
How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the
dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA
What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to
develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no
need for a surrogate.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent
protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish
into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The
jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result
the mouse cells produce the same protein.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human
proteins such as insulin
–
–
–
–
gene inserted into plasmid
plasmid inserted into bacteria
bacteria express the gene and multiply
Protein then produced as medicine
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Transgenic plants
– transgenic bacteria infect a plant
– plant expresses the foreign gene
– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)
***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic
trait to their offspring they must be sure that the
gene is present in the seed of the plant!***
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”
• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds
– The problem is that the herbicides that kill the weeds
also kill the crops
– Scientists have developed genetically engineered
plants that are resistant to the herbicides
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and
gene functions.
– transgenic mice used to study development and
disease
– “gene knockout” mice used to study gene function
» Some genes are purposely “turned off”
The protein
leptin which
controls food
intake has been
turned off
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• In order for animals to “pass down” the genetic trait to
their offspring they must be sure that the gene is
present in the sex cells of the animal!
– Egg
– Sperm
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic
engineering.
– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods
– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and
biodiversity
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners
• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener
– Diet soda
– Sugar-free gum and candy
– Sugar-free desserts
– Sugar-free condiments
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Draw a double bubble
map comparing and
contrasting cloning and
genetic engineering. Give
examples.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetically
identically
copy of a
gene or
organism
Uses
nuclear
transfer
Dolly the
Sheep, CC
the cat
Changes
DNA to
give it
new traits
Biotechnology
Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
May involve
manipulating
DNA
Mouse
that has
jellyfish
DNA
Weather/drought
resistant fruits
and veggies