* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document
Survey
Document related concepts
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Long non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Gene prediction wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 11 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Mendel’s inheritance with independent assortment Mendel had factors, we now know these factors were specific genes at specific loci, (locations) on specific chromosomes. This is the chromosome theory of inheritance. Morgan’s experiments with Fruit Flies A.Morgan used fruit flies to trace a gene to a specific chromosome 1. Drosophila Melangaster – wildtype phenotype = most common and mutant phenotypes = caused by mutations of the wildtype gene. 2. Sex-linked- using the gene for white eyes Morgan found that if a female had the trait and mated to a male with wildtype, only her sons would be white-eyed. Sex Linkage This meant the gene must be on the X and not the Y. A daughter would receive the wildtype X from the father which would override the faulty X from mom. Linked genes – genes close together on the same chromosome • Morgan found that flies have linked genes for body color and wing size. • Gray and normal wings were wildtype, black and vestigal wings were mutant types. • Gray flies with vestigal wings and black flies with normal wings are much harder to breed than the ones in b. Independent assortment Genes which are not linked sort independent of one another.When they come together in a zygote it is called recombination. a. A frequency of 50% or more recombination means the genes are not linked b. Linked genes do not sort independently, they travel together, making recombination percentages low. • If the genes are far apart they behave as if they were on different chromosomes • This slide shows recombination during meiosis. Recombination calculations Sex chromosomes A. In humans XX is female and XY is male 1. The SRY gene has been shown to trigger the development into a male fetus at about 2 months old. 2. SRY probably regulates other genes 3. Some XX male and XY females exist with mutated SRY genes Sex-linked • Genes on the X chromosome will only be present in one copy in males, as they only have one X and the Y does not contain the same genes. Males are said to be hemizygous for these traits a. Colorblindness is an example of a non- lethal sex-linked traitfemales can acquire it from their father (colorblind) and mother (carrier). b. Duchene muscular dystrophy – weakening of the muscles,1/3500 males- usually die by 20s c. Hemophilia- absence of certain clotting factors. • In females one X becomes inactivated and condenses into a Barr body, which one is inactive is random, and will be different in different cells.Ex.tortoise shell cats Errors A. Nondisjunctio n- when meiosis is not accurate and some cells are missing a chromosome (anueploidy) and one has too many chromosomes(poly ploidy) Down’s Syndrome-1/700 births trisomy 21 Klinefelter – XXY, XXXY XYY Other nondisjunctions • Metafemale - XXX 2. Turner – X0 Other errors A. Deletions – Chromosome fragment is lost 1. Cri-du-chat- chromosome 5 B.Duplication – chromosome fragment attached to homologue C.Inversion – reverse orientation of fragment on chromosome D.Translocation – fragment on a nonhomologue 1. Implications of cancer CML Imprinting • Genomic imprinting – One active copy either maternal or paternal. • Fragile X – caused in part by maternal imprinting. Extranuclear genes A. Small circular DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts B. Maternal inheritance is the rule