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Genetics The study of genes and the inheritance of traits Characteristics These are features you exhibit physically ( your looks) Example: Eye color green Traits The different versions of a characteristic Example: blue, green, and brown eyes Genes Bits of information passed down from parent to child. Made of chemicals called DNA. Reproduction Sexual – Sperm fertilizes an egg to produce offspring Asexual – occurs when 1 organism copies itself to produce offspring Genotype A combination of alleles Example: TT, Tt, or tt *We flipped coins to determine the genotype of our critters and puppies. Genotype How the genes code for a specific trait. If the trait is dominant it uses a capital letter – Example – Tall (T) If the trait is recessive it uses the same letter but lower case – Example – short (t) Genotypes always have two letters – one for dad and one for mom Types of genotype Purebred (homozygous) dominant – the genes only have the dominant trait in its code. – Example – Dominant Tall -- TT Purebred (homozygous) recessive – the genes only have the recessive trait in its code. – Example – Recessive short – tt Hybrid (heterozygous) – the genes are mixed code for that trait. – Example – hybrid Tall -- Tt Alleles T – is considered a dominant allele t – is considered a recessive allele TT – is dominant Tt or tT – is dominant tt - is recessive Punnett Square Uses mom and dad’s genotypes to determine the possible traits of their offspring. 4 offspring Phenotype They are the traits determined by reading the genotype. Example : FF = black fur Black fur is the phenotype or trait Phenotype The outward appearance of the trait. How an organism looks How an organism acts How an organism feels Tricks to remembering the difference between Genotype and Phenotype Genotype – deals with GENE CODE. Phenotype – deals with looks you can take a PHOTO with. Review Words Characteristics – are the category of a trait – – Example – eye color, height, likes/dislikes Traits – the physical, social, and emotional qualities of an organism – Example – blue eyes, tall, hates carrots Dominant Trait – when a majority of an organism shows the trait. – Example – most pea plants show as tall Recessive Trait – when a minority of an organism shows the trait. – Example – few pea plants show as short Alleles – all the possible choices for a characteristic – Example – eye color – blue, brown, gray, green