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Xiaoling Li Office: QQ: M1621 313320773 E-MAIL: 313320773 @qq.com 2017/5/23 Content Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 The Structures of DNA and RNA Chapter 3 DNA Replication Chapter 4 DNA Mutation and Repair Chapter 5 Gene Transcription Chapter 6 RNA Splicing Chapter 7 Translation Chapter 8 The Genetic code Chapter 9 Regulation in prokaryotes Chapter 10 Regulation in Eukaryotes 2017/5/23 How to learn this course well? To learn effectively To preview and review Problem-base learning Making use of class time effectively Active participation Bi-directional question in class Group discussion Concept map Tutorship To call for reading, thingking and discussing of investigative learning 2017/5/23 http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/fzswx/jxck/wszy.htm http://210.42.35.80/G2S/Template/View.aspx ?courseId=819&topMenuId=156846&action= view&type=&name=&menuType=1 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 Evaluation (grading) system Question in-class and attendance : 10 points Group study and attendance: 20 points Final exam: 70 points Bonus 2017/5/23 Genetics [课堂] Inheritable traits (Mendel) Genetic material-DNA (Avery) Central Dogma [中心法则] (Watson and Crick) Chemistry-mechanisms [自学] 1. Weak chemical bond interactions 2. Strong chemical bond energy transfer 3.Weak and strong bonds determine macromolecule structure 2017/5/23 The focus of Ch1 and ch2 Recognizing scientists and science 认识科学家和科学 2017/5/23 1. Recognizing the life of scientists (认识科 学家的生活). 2. Recognizing the value and nature of science (认识科学的价值和本质). 3. Recognizing the noble characters displayed by scientists (认识科学家的可贵 品格): love of the beauty of nature (对大 自然美妙的热爱), the faith of your own creativity (对自己创造能力的信心) and the hope to be recognized (对科研成果被认可 2017/5/23 的盼望和执着 -communication is important). Chapter 1: The Mendelian View of the World (孟德尔学派 的人看世界) To explain how the genetic traits (遗传特性) are transferred from the parents to the offsprings. 2017/5/23 Gregor Mendel Was the Father of Classical Genetics A century before the discovery of the DNA double helix, Mendel realized that inheritance was quantized into discrete units we now call genes. 2017/5/23 Recognizing the life of a scientist: Box 1-1 Two important lessons to learn from Mendel’s discovery 1. The attitude to science: interested in discovering the wonders of the nature (laws, mechanisms) 2. The principle to conduct science: using simple models to understand the complicate or unknown story 2017/5/23 Recognizing the beauty of science: Mendel’s discovery The principle of independent segregation (独立分离定律) (Mendel’s first law) ---The trait appearing in F1 progeny is called dominant; the one not appearing is called recessive. ---The various traits are controlled by pairs of factors (which we now call genes) 2017/5/23 Figure 1-1 How Mendel’s first law explains the 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes among the F2 progeny. 2017/5/23 Recognizing the beauty of science: Mendel’s discovery Some alleles are neither dominant or recessive (And some phenotypes are determined by more than one gene) (The luck of Mendel’s discovery: a simple trait) 2017/5/23 Figure 1-2 The inheritance of flower color in the snapdragon (金鱼草). Recognizing the beauty of science: Mendel’s discovery Principle of independent assortment (自由组合定律) (Mendel’s second law) ---When more than one characteristic are examined, the progenies showing recombined traits appear. 2017/5/23 Figure 1-3 How Mendel’s second operate. Discussion 1 Why Mendelianism and Darwinism conflicted initially, how the conflict was resolved? 2017/5/23 Discussion 2: Scientist and Science A testable hypothesis/theory: Simple and beautiful 2017/5/23 A hypothesis/theory that is too broad to be specify or to be tested in the strict concept of science: too complicate and can be revised forever if you do not want to give it up. Chapter 2: Nucleic Acids convey genetic information The stories/efforts led to the fundamental knowledge of life, which open a new era of modern biology. 2017/5/23 Ch 2 Nucleic Acids convey genetic information Avery’s Bombshell (1944): DNA can carry genetic specificity The Double Helix (1953) The genetic information within DNA is conveyed by the sequence of its four nucleotide building blocks The Central Dogma (1956) Establishing the direction of protein synthesis The Era of Genomics (2000) 2017/5/23 Breakthrough in the thinking darkness The background of the discovery By the 1930s, geneticists began speculating as to what sort of molecules could have the kind of stability that the gene demanded, yet be capable of permanent, sudden change to the mutant forms that must provide the basis of evolution... It was generally assumed that genes would be composed of amino acids because, at that time, they appeared to be the only biomolecules with sufficient complexity to convey genetic information. This hypothesis is eventually dead from its shaking 2017/5/23 base and attractive complexity. Avery’s Bombshell (1944): DNA can carry genetic specificity A story written for 16 years 2017/5/23 1928 by Frederick Griffith 2017/5/23 1944 by Osward T. Avery 2017/5/23 The transforming activity was destroyed by deoxyribonuclease (available at the time), but not by ribonuclease nor various proteolytic enzymes Thinking 1: what do you learn from the efforts of George W. Beadle and Edward Tatum (1940s), Frederick Griffith (1928), Osward T. Avery (1940s) Thinking 2: Why Avery made more recognizable contribution to the field than did Griffith? 2017/5/23 The Double Helix (1953) The foundation of molecular biology Francis H. Crick James D. Watson 2017/5/23 Thinking 3: what led to the success of Watson and Crick? 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 • Crick is best known for his work in the discovery of the double helix, but since then he has made many other discoveries. After his discovery of the double helix, Crick went to work on finding the relationship between DNA and genetic coding. During this study with Vernon Ingram, they discovered the function of the genetic material in determining the specificity of proteins. In 1957, Crick began work with Sydney Brenner to determine how the sequence of DNA bases would specify the amino acid sequence in proteins. • Crick "established not only the basic genetic code, but predicted the mechanism for protein synthesis" (McMurray, 427) This worked led to many RNA/DNA discoveries and helped in the creation of the DNA/RNA dictionary. In 1960 Crick began to study the structure and possible functions of certain proteins associated with chromosomes called histones. Crick finally left Cambridge Laboratories in 1976 to become Kieckhefer Professor at Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California. It was there that Crick began his present project of the study of the brain. 2017/5/23 Rosalind Elsie Franklin: Pioneer Molecular Biologist From www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html (San Diego Supercomputer Center) 2017/5/23 The Central Dogma (1953-1956) Setting the platform for molecular biology only takes 0.5 year or 3.5 years Exciting days of biologists Transcription DNA Replication 2017/5/23 RNA Protein Translation Gene Expression The revised central dogma ---The framework of this course 基 因 组 的 保 持 RNA processing Gene regulation 2017/5/23 基 因 组 的 表 达 Ch 2 Nucleic Acids convey genetic information The purpose of Molecular Biology of the genes is to provide a firm foundation for understanding how DNA functions as the template for biological complexity. Remember: this book is living in the age of the Central Dogma in understanding life, post-genomic era will certainly tell us a more complex but I hope a clear story of life. 2017/5/23 Part 2, Maintenance of the Genome, describes the structure of the genetic material and its faithful duplication. Part 3, Expression of the Genome, shows how the genetic instructions contained in DNA is converted into proteins Part 4, Regulation, describes strategies for differential gene activity that are used to generate complexity within the organisms and diversity among organisms 2017/5/23 Part 5, Methods, describes various laboratory techniques, bioinformatics approaches, and model systems that are commonly used to investigate biological problem. 2017/5/23 2017/5/23 A brief history of genetics Ch 3 What is Molecular biology? • Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function. 2017/5/23 The central dogma 2017/5/23 • The central dogma of molecular biology where genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for understanding the field. 2017/5/23 Question • 1. How can DNA be determined to be genetic material? what kind of experiment would you do to identify the transforming principle? • 2. What scientist helped determine that DNA is genetic material? • 3. Can you tell me about a DNA story? • 4. What is Molecular biology? 2017/5/23