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Xiaoling Li
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Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 The Structures of DNA and RNA
Chapter 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 4 DNA Mutation and Repair
Chapter 5 Gene Transcription
Chapter 6 RNA Splicing
Chapter 7 Translation
Chapter 8 The Genetic code
Chapter 9 Regulation in prokaryotes
Chapter 10 Regulation in Eukaryotes
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How to learn this course well？
 To learn effectively
 To preview and review
 Problem-base learning
 Making use of class time effectively
 Active participation
 Bi-directional question in class
 Group discussion
 Concept map
 Tutorship
 To call for reading, thingking and discussing of investigative learning
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Evaluation (grading) system
Question in-class and attendance : 10 points
Group study and attendance: 20 points
Final exam: 70 points
Bonus
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Genetics [课堂]
Inheritable traits (Mendel)
Genetic material-DNA (Avery)
Central Dogma [中心法则] (Watson
and Crick)
Chemistry-mechanisms [自学]
1. Weak chemical bond interactions
2. Strong chemical bond energy transfer
3.Weak and strong bonds determine
macromolecule
structure
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The focus of Ch1 and ch2
Recognizing scientists and
science
认识科学家和科学
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1. Recognizing the life of scientists (认识科
学家的生活).
2. Recognizing the value and nature of
science (认识科学的价值和本质).
3. Recognizing the noble characters
displayed by scientists (认识科学家的可贵
品格): love of the beauty of nature (对大
自然美妙的热爱), the faith of your own
creativity (对自己创造能力的信心) and the
hope to be recognized (对科研成果被认可
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的盼望和执着
-communication is important).
Chapter 1: The Mendelian
View of the World (孟德尔学派
的人看世界)
To explain how the genetic traits
(遗传特性) are transferred from the
parents to the offsprings.
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Gregor Mendel Was the Father of Classical Genetics
A century before the discovery of the DNA double
helix, Mendel realized that inheritance was
quantized into discrete units we now call genes.
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Recognizing the life of a scientist: Box 1-1
Two important lessons to
learn from Mendel’s discovery
1. The attitude to science:
interested in discovering the
wonders of the nature (laws,
mechanisms)
2. The principle to conduct science:
using simple models to
understand the complicate or
unknown story
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Recognizing the beauty of science:
Mendel’s discovery
The principle of
independent
segregation
（独立分离定律）
(Mendel’s first law)
---The trait appearing in F1
progeny is called dominant; the
one not appearing is called
recessive.
---The various traits are
controlled by pairs of factors
(which we now call genes)
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Figure 1-1 How Mendel’s first law explains the 3:1 ratio of
dominant to recessive phenotypes among the F2 progeny.
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Recognizing the beauty of science:
Mendel’s discovery
Some alleles are
neither dominant or
recessive
(And some phenotypes
are determined by more
than one gene)
(The luck of Mendel’s
discovery: a simple trait)
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Figure 1-2 The inheritance of flower color in the snapdragon (金鱼草).
Recognizing the beauty of science:
Mendel’s discovery
Principle of
independent
assortment
（自由组合定律）
(Mendel’s second
law)
---When more than one
characteristic are examined,
the progenies showing
recombined traits appear.
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Figure 1-3 How Mendel’s second operate.
Discussion 1
Why Mendelianism and Darwinism
conflicted initially, how the
conflict was resolved?
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Discussion 2:
Scientist and Science
A testable
hypothesis/theory:
Simple
and beautiful
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A hypothesis/theory that is too broad
to be specify or to be tested in the
strict concept of science: too
complicate and can be revised forever
if you do not want to give it up.
Chapter 2: Nucleic Acids
convey genetic information
The stories/efforts led to the
fundamental knowledge of life,
which open a new era of modern
biology.
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Ch 2 Nucleic Acids convey genetic information
Avery’s Bombshell (1944):
DNA can carry genetic specificity
The Double Helix (1953)
The genetic information within DNA is conveyed by
the sequence of its four nucleotide building blocks
The Central Dogma (1956)
Establishing the direction of protein synthesis
The Era of Genomics (2000)
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Breakthrough in the thinking
darkness
The background of the
discovery
By the 1930s, geneticists began speculating as to
what sort of molecules could have the kind of
stability that the gene demanded, yet be capable
of permanent, sudden change to the mutant forms
that must provide the basis of evolution...
It was generally assumed that genes would be
composed of amino acids because, at that time,
they appeared to be the only biomolecules with
sufficient complexity to convey genetic
information.
This hypothesis is eventually dead from its shaking
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base and attractive complexity.
Avery’s Bombshell (1944):
DNA can carry genetic specificity
A story written for 16 years
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1928 by Frederick
Griffith
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1944 by Osward T. Avery
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The transforming activity was destroyed
by deoxyribonuclease (available at the
time), but not by ribonuclease nor
various proteolytic enzymes
Thinking 1: what do you learn
from the efforts of George W.
Beadle and Edward Tatum (1940s),
Frederick Griffith (1928), Osward T.
Avery (1940s)
Thinking 2: Why Avery made
more recognizable contribution to
the field than did Griffith?
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The Double Helix (1953)
The foundation of molecular biology
Francis H.
Crick
James D.
Watson
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Thinking 3: what led to the success
of Watson and Crick?
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•
Crick is best known for his work in the discovery of the
double helix, but since then he has made many other discoveries.
After his discovery of the double helix, Crick went to work on finding
the relationship between DNA and genetic coding. During this study
with Vernon Ingram, they discovered the function of the genetic
material in determining the specificity of proteins. In 1957, Crick
began work with Sydney Brenner to determine how the sequence of
DNA bases would specify the amino acid sequence in proteins.
•
Crick "established not only the basic genetic code, but
predicted the mechanism for protein synthesis" (McMurray, 427) This
worked led to many RNA/DNA discoveries and helped in the creation
of the DNA/RNA dictionary. In 1960 Crick began to study the
structure and possible functions of certain proteins associated with
chromosomes called histones. Crick finally left Cambridge
Laboratories in 1976 to become Kieckhefer Professor at Salk
Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California. It was there
that Crick began his present project of the study of the brain.
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Rosalind Elsie Franklin: Pioneer Molecular Biologist
From www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html
(San Diego Supercomputer Center)
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The Central Dogma (1953-1956)
Setting the platform for molecular
biology only takes 0.5 year or 3.5
years
Exciting days of biologists
Transcription
DNA
Replication
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RNA
Protein
Translation
Gene
Expression
The revised central dogma
---The framework of this course
基
因
组
的
保
持
RNA processing
Gene regulation
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基
因
组
的
表
达
Ch 2 Nucleic Acids convey genetic information
The purpose of Molecular Biology
of the genes is to provide a firm
foundation for understanding how
DNA functions as the template for
biological complexity.
Remember: this book is living in the
age of the Central Dogma in
understanding life, post-genomic era
will certainly tell us a more complex
but I hope a clear story of life.
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Part 2, Maintenance of the Genome,
describes the structure of the genetic
material and its faithful duplication.
Part 3, Expression of the Genome,
shows how the genetic instructions
contained in DNA is converted into
proteins
Part 4, Regulation, describes
strategies for differential gene activity
that are used to generate complexity
within the organisms and diversity
among organisms
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Part 5, Methods, describes various
laboratory techniques, bioinformatics
approaches, and model systems that
are commonly used to investigate
biological problem.
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A brief history of genetics
Ch 3 What is Molecular biology?
• Molecular biology is the study of
molecular underpinnings of the
processes of replication,
transcription, translation, and cell
function.
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The central dogma
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• The central dogma of molecular biology
where genetic material is transcribed into
RNA and then translated into protein,
despite being an oversimplified picture of
molecular biology, still provides a good
starting point for understanding the field.
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Question
• 1. How can DNA be determined to be
genetic material? what kind of experiment
would you do to identify the transforming
principle?
• 2. What scientist helped determine that
DNA is genetic material?
• 3. Can you tell me about a DNA story?
• 4. What is Molecular biology?
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