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Human Biotechnology Human Biotechnology • is about you and me, not about other creatures on Earth • could a perfect person be in the near future • we are not sure if we want one, or if we do, what traits we would want The Human Organism • humans are similar to other animals, but major differences • scientific name of human = Homo Sapiens • first Homo Sapiens on earth300,000 to 400,000years ago • each body cell of a human has 46 chromosomes The Human Organism • human consists of cells, tissue, organs, organ systems • humans are primates (180 species of animals are primates), but still quite different • organ systems do a lot of work (e.g. the heart - at age of 70 it has pumped 46 million gallons) The Human Organism • heart failure is leading cause of the human death • skeleton protects the internal organs • ligaments are tissues that hold the skeleton together • skin covers the body and maintains the body temperature The Human Organism • nerve endings in skin sense pain, cold, heat… • brain provides response to these conditions • muscles provide movement • cells must have nutrients to correctly function 1. By the age of 70 the human heart has pumped ______ gallons • • • • A. 40 million B. 46 billion C. 46 million D. 5 trillion 2. __________ is the leading cause of human death • • • • A. renal failure B. heart failure C. kidney failure D. cancer 3. The first Homo sapiens were found on earth _______ years ago • • • • A. 200,000 – 250,000 B. 300,000-400,000 C. 30,000-40,000 D. 25 - 30 The Human Organism • digestive system breaks food into useful substances • respiratory system provides oxygen to the body and rids it of carbon dioxide • gas exchange with the blood occurs in the lungs The Human Organism • circulatory system (heart, blood vessels) carries oxygen from the lungs for the cells and brings wastes to the lungs and kidneys • urinary system removes certain wastes from blood and flushes them from the body The Human Organism • wastes move to urinary bladder and is squeezed from the body through the urethra • reproductive systems vary with gender • mammary system develops in females (milk for babies) Life Process • includes growth and repair, obtaining food and nutrients, circulation, respiration, secretion, sensation movement, and elimination • reproduction - human continues as new generations 4. The function of the circulatory system is to : A. carry oxygen from the lungs for the cells B. Remove wastes from the blood and flush them from the body C. Bring wastes to the lungs and kidneys D. Both A and C 5. Life processes include growth, repair, circulation, obtaining food and nutrients and______ • • • • • A. respiration B. secretion C. sensation movement D. elimination E. All of the above Life Process • humans have high developed brain and gives us the abilities to speak, to reason, to create technology • to stand up right, to walk on two legs distinguish us from the primates • humans live longer and develop slower Human Development • is the progressive maturation of an individual from birth until death • culture consists of the ways individuals have developed to go about life • characteristics are transmitted from one to another generation Developmental Stages • combination of biological and cultural advancement has several developmental stages Developmental Stages • common stages are: -Infancy -Preschool -Child Years -Teenage Years -Adulthood Biotech Supports Development • used to promote health • ethical decisions are involved • people vary about the view of biotech Human Genomics • is all of the genes that comprise the genetic makeup of humans • is the total genetic composition of humans • efforts are now underway to identify all genomes • will allow isolation, treatment, replacement of defective ones Human Genome Project • (HGP) is an international effort of involving scientists, educators, students in locating and identifying every human gene • large task • will provide insight into evolution 4 Approaches to HGP • 1. Genetic mapping • 2. Physical mapping • 3. Sequencing • 4. Analyzing genomes of other species 6. The Human Genome Project • A. involves scientists from the US • B. Involves research in Canada • C. Is a comprehensive research project of international scope • D. None of these Background • Human Genome Organization (HUGO) is an international group that coordinates HGP • formed in 1988 • Canada, Italy, France, UK, USA are active • efforts with mice, bacteria, plants Background • 3 bacterial genomes have been completed • progress has been more rapid than expected • widespread use of HGP information in 2010 7. HUGO was formed in what year? • • • • A. 1492 B. 1776 C. 2006 D. 1988 Findings • human organism has about 100,000 genes • has 23 pairs of chromosomes…22 autosomal chromosome pairs and 1 sex chromosome pair ( YY or XX) • more than 3 billion base pairs in haploid genome 8. The human organism has about ____ genes that have been mapped • • • • A. 100,000 B. 10,000 C. 100,000,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000 9. There are more than ____ base pairs in a haploid genome • • • • A. 23 pair B. 3.5 million C. 3 trillion D. 3 billion Findings • an autosome is a chromosome that is not sex chromosome • physical maps show locations of and distances between genes and DNA fragments • genetic linkage map shows the relative arrangement and distance between genes • then DNA gets sequenced Helping Humans live better • scientist have been manipulating genes at the molecular level • these efforts improve human well being • down’s syndrome is a disease in which a baby is born with an extra chromosome Helping Humans live better • 1 in 600- 800 babies is born with Down’s Syndrome • having a baby with Down’s Syndrome increase with the mother’s age • small head, enlarged tongue, eyes that slant upward • many die within year • no treatments available 10. Down’s Syndrome is caused by: • A. a genetic mutation • B. Taking medications during pregnancy • C. The child has one too many chromosomes • D. The child has one too few chromosomes Gene Therapy • is the transfer of genes to a human organism • make up of a human is altered • procedure is controversial • once therapy is done, the human is a GMO (genetically modified organism) Vaccine • help the body to recognize and fight disease • use weakened or killed germs for a virus to introduce antigen proteins attached to a virus • body builds resistance • vaccine for hepatitis is made by inserting the gene responsible for this antigen into yeast cells Vaccine • each yeast cell makes a copy of itself and the antigen gene • antigen is later purified • when injected into the body, antigen stimulates the production of antibodies that combat hepatitis 11. Vaccines help the body to: • • • • A. Build Antigens to fight off Antibodies B. Build up Antibodies to fight off Antigens C. Increase Antigens in the system D. None of these Prosthetics • is the use of artificial parts of the human body • includes the study and use of mechanical devises to replace or supplement natural human parts • that includes joint replacements, heart peacemakers, intraocular lenses Prosthetics • a dialysis machine is a kind of prosthesis that performs functions normal kidneys would do in removing wastes from blood • biocompatibility - implanted devices must be mechanically fit for the purpose and not rejected by the body Prosthetics • externally used devices must provide the appropriate mechanical action and support • carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that develops when people do the same activities over and over • mechanical devices are used to promote healing Diagnostics • is the identification of a human health problem or other conditions • knowing the approach to use in treating disease requires accurate diagnosis of condition Genomics and Computers • diagnosis relies on human genetic information • computer databases are being used in diagnostics • help matching genes with health conditions Microdissection and Molecular Analysis • Microdissection is a method of obtaining pure cells from diseased sections of tissue • is often used to test for precancerous cells or invading cancer cells Microdissection and Molecular Analysis • molecular analysis can be used to study the cells for evidence of disease • allows comparison with diseased DNA stored in microdissected libraries or bulk tissue libraries