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Sem 2 Review
Ms. Martinez, 2011
Meiosis/Genetics (CA Standards 2g, 3a-b)
1. In a cat, the gene for black
fur (B) is dominant while the
gene for white fur (b) is
recessive.
a. What are the possible
combinations of genes in the
offspring of two heterozygous
black cats (Bb)?
a. What are the possible
combinations of genes in the
offspring of two
heterozygous black cats
(Bb)?
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
b. What are the possible combinations of
genes in the offspring of one
homozygous white cat (bb) and one
heterozygous black cat (Bb)?
b. What are the possible combinations of
genes in the offspring of one
homozygous white cat (bb) and one
heterozygous black cat (Bb)?
b
b
B
Bb
Bb
b
bb
bb
2. Describe how two
organisms may show the same trait,
yet have
different genotypes for that trait?
2. Describe how two
organisms may show the same trait,
yet have
different genotypes for that trait?
-Organisms may be homozygous dominant or
heterozygous, but express same phenotype.
3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that comes in a
dominant form (G) or a recessive form (g). Eye
color is also controlled by another gene that
comes in a dominant form (B) or a recessive
form (b).
Two dogs with the following
genotypes were bred:
Ggbb x GgBB
a. What are the possible phenotypes
for fur color of their offspring?
3a. What are the possible
phenotypes for fur color
of their offspring?
Gene
Trait
G
Golden Fur
g
Black Fur
B
Brown Eyes
b
Blue Eyes
G
Ggbb x GgBB
g
G
GG Gg
g
Gg
gg
a. 75% Golden Fur (GG, Gg), 25%
Black Fur (gg)
3b. What are the possible
phenotypes for eye color
of their offspring?
Gene
Trait
G
Golden Fur
g
Black Fur
B
Brown Eyes
b
Blue Eyes
B
B
b
??
??
b
??
??
NEXT….
b. What are the possible
phenotypes for eye color
of their offspring?
Gene
Trait
G
Golden Fur
g
Black Fur
B
Brown Eyes
b
Blue Eyes
B
B
b
Bb
Bb
b
Bb
Bb
100% Brown Eyes (Bb)
4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells
have only one factor for each inherited
trait.
This hypothesis is supported by the
observation that during the formation of
sex cells, a process called
,
gametes with one set of chromosomes are
formed, also known as
cells.
4. Mendel hypothesized
that reproductive cells
have only one factor for
each inherited trait.
This hypothesis is
supported by the
observation that during
the formation of sex cells,
a process called Meiosis
, gametes with one set of
chromosomes are formed,
also known as
Haploid
cells.
5. The following diagram
represents which two
processes?
5. The following diagram
represents which two
processes?
_Segregation_ (or the separating
of chromosomes)
_Recombination____ (the
random combining of
chromosomes)
Ecology (CA Standards 6a-f)
6 List the most likely order of succession following a
volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use
the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs,
Lichens, Mosses, Trees.
6 List the most likely order of succession following a
volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use
the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs,
Lichens, Mosses, Trees.
Lichens/mosses  grasses  shrubs
 trees
7. What is the difference
between Biotic and Abiotic
factors of an ecosystem?
7. What is the difference
between Biotic and
Abiotic factors of an
ecosystem?
Biotic – living things in an ecosystem
Ex Squirrel, tree, grass, etc.
Abiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystem
Ex Sun, wind, rocks, etc.
8. Over the course of 400 years, a river
eventually became a fertile valley. During this
transformation, various communities took
over from previous ones. The reason these
newer communities replaced the older
communities was that the
( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of
the ( habitat / population ) changed.
8. Over the course of 400 years, a river
eventually became a fertile valley. During this
transformation, various communities took
over from previous ones. The reason these
newer communities replaced the older
communities was that the
( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of
the ( habitat / population ) changed.
9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago
have become a serious pest and predator to native birds.
Black snake populations increased so much that they
displaced many native bird populations. List some possible
reasons that could have increased the snake numbers
(reasons for change in population size).
9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades
ago have become a serious pest and predator to native
birds. Black snake populations increased so much that
they displaced many native bird populations. List some
possible reasons that could have increased the snake
numbers (reasons for change in population size).
The snakes have few effective
predators since they were not
originally part of the ecosystem!
10. In the Carbon Cycle, which
processes return the largest amount
of carbon dioxide back to the
atmosphere?
10. In the Carbon Cycle, which
processes return the largest amount
of carbon dioxide back to the
atmosphere?
Respiration
Combustion
11. Combustion or burning of
plant material returns the
element
?? primarily to
the ?? .
11. Combustion or burning of
plant material returns the
element
Carbon
primarily to the
atmosphere.
12. Draw arrows to match
the following population
changes to the correct
explanation for this change.
Population decreasing
Population remains steady
Population increasing
birth rate > death rate
emigration > immigration
birth rate = death rate
12. Draw arrows to
match the following
population changes to the
correct explanation for this
change.
Population decreasing
Population remains steady
Population increasing
birth rate > death rate
emigration > immigration
birth rate = death rate
13. What is demonstrated
by the Carrying Capacity
shown in the graph below?
13. What is demonstrated by the
Carrying Capacity shown in the
graph below?
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of
individuals an ecosystem can support or the
ecosystem’s ability to sustain a stable
population of organisms.
14. Which community
below has more
biodiversity?
Community A
Community B
14. Which community
below has more
biodiversity?
Community A
15. Which community has a greater
chance of surviving a natural
disaster? Why?
15. Which community has a greater
chance of surviving a natural
disaster? A Why? More diversity
= better chance for survival of at
least some organisms if a natural
disaster occurred.
16. Circle all of the following
that would most likely be
found at the top of an energy
pyramid? Why?
sharks
clams
kelp
sardines
lions
humans
eagles
16. Circle all of the following
that would most likely be
found at the top of an energy
pyramid?
sharks
eagles
humans
kelp
clams
lions
sardines
Why? carnivores at the top
17. Consumers release
________gas, which is
required
by ____________
(commonly called plants).
17. Consumers release Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) gas, which is
required
by Producers (commonly called
plants).
18. What percentage of available
energy is passed
from one trophic level to the next
in an energy pyramid?
Explain what happens
to the rest of the
energy that is not
passed on…
18. What percentage of available energy is
passed
from one trophic level to the next in an energy
pyramid?
10%
Explain what happens
to the rest of the
energy that is not
passed on…
The other 90% of the energy is
lost as heat at each level. This is
the amount of energy that is used
by the organisms during
photosynthesis and respiration.
19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga,
Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the
crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is
a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary
consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What
changes can be expected in the lake if the
Daphnia are killed with pesticides?
Circle increase or decrease:
The Spirogyra will increase or decrease
The Daphnia will
increase or
decrease
The sunfish will
increase or
decrease
The bass will
increase or
decrease
19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary
consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small
fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass.
What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with
pesticides?
Circle increase or decrease:
The Spirogyra will increase or decrease
WHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a predator!!
decrease
WHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them!
The Daphnia will
increase or
increase or decrease
WHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eat
The sunfish will
increase or decrease
WHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eat
The bass will
Evolution (CA Standards 7a-d, 8a-e)
20. What is genetic drift?
Give 2 examples of how
it can occur.
20. What is genetic drift?
Changes in a gene pool due to
RANDOM or CHANCE events
Give 2 examples of how it can occur.
1.
2.
Founder Effect (new population started by
a small group) and
Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters)
21. How does genetic drift affect
the diversity a population
living in a habitat that does
not change for a long period
of time?
21. How does genetic drift affect
the diversity a population
living in a habitat that does
not change for a long period
of time?
Decreases the diversity of the
population/gene pool.
22. Which of the following is the best
example of genetic drift?
a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed
over time to evade predators
b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it
has evolved a thicker coat over timer
c. a fire destroying most of the remaining
members of an isolated gorilla population
22. Which of the following is the best
example of genetic drift?
a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed
over time to evade predators
b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it
has evolved a thicker coat over timer
c. a fire destroying most of the remaining
members of an isolated gorilla population
23. What is Natural
Selection?
23. What is Natural
Selection?
Organisms that are better suited
(adaptations) to their environment
will survive and reproduce more
successfully than those that are
not well suited for their
environment.
24. In terms of natural selection, genetic
traits are passed on by better adapted
organisms which also
a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit”
organisms.
b. tend to take resources from “less fit”
organisms.
c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit”
organisms.
24. In terms of natural selection, genetic
traits are passed on by better adapted
organisms which also
a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit”
organisms.
b. tend to take resources from “less fit”
organisms.
c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit”
organisms.
25. What is reproductive
isolation?
25. What is reproductive
isolation?
Individuals/populations of the
same species are prevented from
reproducing with each other
26. What is geographic
isolation?
26. What is geographic
isolation?
Individuals/populations of the
same species cannot reproduce
due to geographic barriers
27. What is temporal
isolation?
27. What is temporal
isolation?
Individuals/population of the same
species cannot reproduce due to different
mating seasons
28. A significant source of
variation in a gene pool
is ________ .
28. A significant source of
variation in a gene pool
is/are mutations .
29. While SOME mutations
CAN cause harm,
MOST mutations
( cause no harm /
benefit people )
29. While SOME mutations
CAN cause harm,
MOST mutations
( cause no harm /
benefit people )
30. Mutations within a DNA
sequence are
(natural / unnatural)
processes that produce
(different phenotypes/ genetic
diversity ).
30. Mutations within a DNA
sequence are
(natural / unnatural)
processes that produce
(different phenotypes/genetic
diversity).
31. Complete the following 3 parts of
Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
– More individuals are produced than can
( survive / emerge )
– There is genetic ( consistency / variation )
among individuals in a population
– Individuals within a population must
compete for ( predators / resources )
31. Complete the following 3 parts of
Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
– More individuals are produced than can
( survive / emerge )
– There is genetic ( consistency / variation )
among individuals in a population
– Individuals within a population must compete
for ( predators / resources )
32. How often do new
mutations occur in a
gene pool?
32. How often do new
mutations occur in a gene
pool?
-Constantly.
-Some are good, some bad, and
some have no effect.
33. According to this chart, which group
demonstrated the greatest biodiversity
during each of the following period?
Quaternary?
Cretaceous?
Triassic?
33. According to this chart, which group
demonstrated the greatest biodiversity
during each of the following period?
Quaternary?
Lizards
Cretaceous?
Lizards
Triassic?
Dinosaurs
34. Finding a large number of dinosaur
fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock
but not in the newer layers above it
would indicate that perhaps a
??
took place.
34. Finding a large number
of dinosaur fossils in one
layer of sedimentary rock
but not in the newer
layers above it would
indicate that perhaps a
Mass Extinction
took
place.
35. After a mass extinction,
what is likely to occur?
35. After a mass extinction,
what is likely to occur?
Those species that survive will
adapt and evolve and increase in
number
36. Why has life on earth
continued despite major
catastrophes?
Answer: A wide
existed.
of
36. Why has life on earth
continued despite major
catastrophes?
Answer: A wide
Diversity
of
Species existed.
37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect
rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.
Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible
to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a
rabbit that is least likely to survive?
Hint: Focus on
the Order of
Dominance at
the bottom of
diagram!!
37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect
rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.
Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible
to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a
rabbit that is least likely to survive?
Hint: Focus on the Order
of Dominance at the
bottom of diagram!!
chc
38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes
the death of the young before they are
born. In order for this disease to be
passed to future progeny, the genotypes
of the parent sharks must be
. Why?
38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes
the death of the young before they are
born. In order for this disease to be
passed to future progeny, the genotypes
of the parent sharks must be
Heterozygous, Rr .
Why?
R
r
R
??
??
r
??
rr
-Disease is recessive, rr
39. In natural selection, an organism
with favorable
( acquired traits / genetic variations )
will tend to survive and
(breed / live ) successfully.
39. In natural selection, an organism
with favorable
( acquired traits / genetic variations )
will tend to survive and
(breed / live ) successfully.
40. Surviving families of organisms
most likely ( acquired / inherited )
advantageous ( variations /
resources ).
40. Surviving families of organisms
most likely ( acquired / inherited )
advantageous ( variations /
resources ).
41. The chemical decomposition
of food to produce energy must
be followed by the removal of
________.
41. The chemical decomposition
of food to produce energy must
be followed by the removal of
_____waste___.
42. How does the
respiratory system depend
on the nervous and
muscular system?
42. How does the
respiratory system depend
on the nervous and
muscular system?
By coordinating muscles
controlling breathing
43. Which two systems are
involved in the removal of
carbon dioxide (CO2)
from the body?
43. Which two systems are
involved in the removal of
carbon dioxide (CO2)
from the body?
Respiratory and Circulatory
44. Which system coordinates
the body’s response to
changes in its internal and
external environment?
44. Which system
coordinates the
body’s response to
changes in its
internal and external
environment?
Nervous System
45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve impulse
or ( threshold / action potential )
moves along a neuron as
(sodium Na+/ potassium K+)
moves into the cell and
(sodium Na+/ potassium K+)
moves out of the cell.
At rest the inside of the nerve is
( negative / positive ) compared to the outside.
45. Once a nerve is stimulated, a nerve impulse or
( threshold / action potential )
moves along a neuron as
(sodium Na+/ potassium K+)
moves into the cell and
(sodium Na+/ potassium K+)
moves out of the cell.
At rest the inside of the nerve is
( negative / positive ) compared to the outside.
46. Sensory neurons carry
impulses from
to
the
______________
and
.
46. Sensory neurons carry
impulses from
body
to
the
____brain__________
and spinal cord
.
47. Label which nervous
system structures each
letter in the diagram to
the right represents.
47. Label which nervous
system structures each
letter in the diagram to
the right represents.
A-Brain
B-Spinal Cord
C-Hand
D-Nerve
48. What is the
path of a reflex
impulse in the
above figure?
48. What is the
path of a reflex
impulse in the
above figure?
C-B-C
49. In a reflex arc, what
type of neurons connects
inter-neurons to muscles
(effectors)?
49. In a reflex arc, what
type of neurons connects
inter-neurons to muscles
(effectors)?
Motor
50. The hormone FSH causes levels
of estrogen to increase. When
increased these estrogen levels
reach a threshold level, they
cause the amount of FSH to
then drop. This is an example of
feedback.
50. The hormone FSH causes levels
of estrogen to increase. When
increased these estrogen levels
reach a threshold level, they
cause the amount of FSH to
then drop. This is an example of
negative
feedback.
51. Explain the
experimental results that
the graph to the
right is describing.
80%
60%
40%
20%
Time
9:
00
7:
00
5:
00
3:
00
1:
00
11
:0
0
0%
9:
00
% Hormone Level/
% Strength of Contractions
C o nc e nt ra t io n o f O xyt o c in a nd S t re ngt h o f
Ut e rine C o nt ra c t io ns
100%
Ox y t oc i n
Le v e l s
U t e r i ne
C ont r a c t i ons
51. Explain the
experimental results that
the graph to the
right is describing.
C o nc e nt ra t io n o f O xyt o c in a nd S t re ngt h o f
Ut e rine C o nt ra c t io ns
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Time
9:
00
7:
00
5:
00
3:
00
1:
00
11
:0
0
0%
9:
00
% Hormone Level/
% Strength of Contractions
The amount oxytocin and
unterine contractions
increases until 1pm. The baby
was probably born around
2pm.
Ox y t oc i n
Le v e l s
U t e r i ne
C ont r a c t i ons
52. What type of feedback
system is shown?
80%
60%
40%
20%
Time
9:
00
7:
00
5:
00
3:
00
1:
00
11
:0
0
0%
9:
00
% Hormone Level/
% Strength of Contractions
C o nc e nt ra t io n o f O xyt o c in a nd S t re ngt h o f
Ut e rine C o nt ra c t io ns
100%
Ox y t oc i n
Le v e l s
U t e r i ne
C ont r a c t i ons
52. What type of feedback
system is shown?
80%
60%
40%
20%
Time
9:
00
7:
00
5:
00
3:
00
1:
00
11
:0
0
0%
9:
00
% Hormone Level/
% Strength of Contractions
Positive
C o nc e nt ra t io n o f O xyt o c in a nd S t re ngt h o f
Ut e rine C o nt ra c t io ns
100%
Ox y t oc i n
Le v e l s
U t e r i ne
C ont r a c t i ons
53. What is the
greatest danger to
a person with
damage to the
skin?
53. What is the
greatest
danger to a
person with
damage to the
skin?
Infection
54. What is the most
important non specific
defense against infection
humans have?
54. What is the most
important non specific
defense against infection
humans have?
Skin
55. The Y-shaped molecule that
is produced by plasma cells upon
exposure to a specific antigen
and can bind to that antigen
subsequently is called a(n)
55. The Y-shaped molecule that
is produced by plasma cells upon
exposure to a specific antigen
and can bind to that antigen
subsequently is called a(n)
Antibody
56. The proteins and
carbohydrates found on foreign
materials that trigger an immune
response are
56. The proteins and
carbohydrates found on foreign
materials that trigger an immune
response are
antigens
57. A vaccine is a
weakened ______.
57. A vaccine is a
weakened ______.
pathogen
58. Vaccines promote the
production of ______.
58. Vaccines promote the
production of ______.
antibodies
59. A bacterial disease becomes
tough to cure when the
bacteria
( make antibodies /
develop a resistance to
antibiotics) .
59. A bacterial disease becomes
tough to cure when the
bacteria
( make antibodies /
develop a resistance to
antibiotics) .
60. Which require a host cell
because they are NOT able
to make their own proteins?
( bacteria / viruses )
60. Which require a host cell
because they are NOT able
to make their own proteins?
( bacteria / viruses )
61. Individuals with HIV
sometimes contract a
rare disease because
people with HIV
a. are more often exposed to these rare diseases
b. release substances that increase the strength of
these diseases
c. are unable to fight off these rare diseases
61. Individuals with HIV
sometimes contract a
rare disease because
people with HIV
a. are more often exposed to these rare diseases
b. release substances that increase the strength of
these diseases
c. are unable to fight off these rare diseases
62. Why is a person with AIDS
susceptible to all kinds of
infectious diseases?
_________________________
What does HIV do to the
immune system?______
62. Why is a person with AIDS
susceptible to all kinds of
infectious diseases?
They have a weak immune
system
What does HIV do to the
immune system?
Destroys Helper T cells
63. What happens when the data
in an investigation do NOT
support the original
hypothesis?
63. What happens when the data
in an investigation do NOT
support the original
hypothesis?
The hypothesis has to be revised.
64. When enough experimental
data support a hypothesis,
the hypothesis becomes
a (n)
.
64. When enough experimental
data support a hypothesis,
the hypothesis becomes
a (n)
.
theory
65. Based on the experimental
results graph to the right.
At which two times of day was
the temperature the same?
65. Based on the experimental
results graph to the right.
At which two times of day was
the temperature the same?
10 am