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Myostatin and Myostatin Inhibitors: The Next Big Supplement Scam by Paul Cribb, B.H.Sci HMS AST Director of Research A few years ago a report in the media blew the minds of bodybuilders who were wise enough to read the AST web site daily. Research performed by scientists from the Johns Hopkins University had created "massively-muscled, Arnold Schwarzenegger-like mice" by genetically engineering animals with a missing growth regulator called myostatin. Myostatin is a gene that is a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-b (TGF-b) Superfamily.1 These genes encode factors that are essential to proper biological development during the embryonic stage.2 They are specifically expressed before birth. Genetically engineered myostatin-free mice and cattle exhibit twice the lean muscle mass as their normal stable-mates, without extra feeding or resistance training!3 The important thing to understand is that these animals were genetically engineered to not possess the myostatin gene because myostatin limits muscle growth. Human Genetics Human genetics is an intensely personal and fascinating science. Its subject matter touches all facets of our being, biological, social, and philosophical. Each passing day new knowledge opens a window into our genetic soul and widens an already existing one. Human genetics may be the most rapidly expanding science in the world today. 1990-John B. Jenkins Genetics (to generate- the coming into being) The study of variation in humans or in lifeincludes heredity and environmental effects • What is inherited? • How is the genetic material transmitted from cell to cell? From parent to child? • How does the genetic material work to make us become unique individuals? • Can it be changed or made? • ‘Facts vs. Speculation’ • Birth Defects January is Birth Defects Prevention month. For more information, visit the Web site of the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects. The parents of one out of every 28 babies receive the frightening news that their baby has a birth defect. A birth defect is an abnormality of structure, function or metabolism (body chemistry) present at birth that results in physical or mental disability, or is fatal. Several thousand different birth defects have been identified. Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life. • (CNN) -- A British man was jailed for raping two of his daughters and fathering nine children over 27 years, a case with echoes of Austria's Josef Fritzl. • The two daughters were made pregnant 19 times; there were nine births, five miscarriages and five terminations. Seven of the children are alive but suffer genetic deformities. Statistics of Genetic Disease • • • • • • • • • • • As many as half of all miscarriages - genetic defects About 40% of all infant mortality results from genetic factors 50% of mental retardation has a genetic basis 30-50% of post-neonatal deaths -genetic malformations 3-5% of all births result in congenital malformations 7% of all stillborns have a chromosomal abnormality 30% of pediatric hospital admissions are for children with genetic disorders 12% of adult hospital admissions are for genetic causes 15% of all cancers have an inherited susceptibility 10% of the chronic diseases(heart, diabetes, arthritis) in adult populations have a signif. genetic component 50,000 cases of birth defects per million compared to polio before vaccine which was 367.4 cases per one million Incidence of Genetic Diseases • Down syndrome (1/600 live births and increases with age of mother • Pregnant and age 35 or above(risk of chromosome aneuploidy) • Cystic Fibrosis (1/2500 Caucasian Americans) • Fragile X syndrome(1/1,000 males and 1/800 female carriers of which 30% will be mentally retarded • Sickle cell disease (1/500 of African American births) • Hemophilia – Factor VIII Deficiency (48/100,000 male births) • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (200/million male births) • Hemochromatosis (1/4500 individuals) • Breast cancer (1/8 women of which 5-10% will have a genetic predisposition) Ancient Beliefs-Reproduction and Heredity • • • • • • • • • • • The Egyptians (8000 -10,000 B.C.) 'Wheat' Phoenicians (c 8000 B.C) 'Horses' Babylonians (c 8000 B.C) 'Olives' Assyrinians (c 8000 B.C) 'Dates‘ Greeks (500 B.C) Middle Ages (1000's) Renaissance (1400 -1600 A.D.) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600's) 'Microscope' Schleiden and Schwann (1800's) 'The Cell' Charles Darwin (1850's) 'Variation and Evolution' Gregor Mendel (1850's) 'Principles of Heredity' Ancient Belief Cont. • Heredity meant-the procreation of offspring of the same kind with same or similar features • Plato-Realized the makeup of a human is inherited and that his father and mother both took part in transmitting various characteristics • Plato further thought that the mental, moral and physical condition of parents during intercourse was transmitted to their offspring. • Plato thought that semen originated in the brain and or spinal cord and passes through the testis • Others- believed that male and female produced semen and the preponderance of one or the other determined the sex of the child. • Thick semen produces male, thin semen produces female Ancient Belief Cont. • Ancients-Male Semen alone is progenitive. • Sex determined by temperature of the womb.(warm uterus produced a male while a cold uterus produced a female. • Right and left theory- Males come from the right testicle(right side is prefect, strong and warm) Females come from the left (left side is imperfect, weak and cold) • Formation of Semen • Semen formed from four “humors” –blood, bile, water, and phlegm • Humors present in parents and transmit health and diseases • Aristotle-Hematogenic theory of semen – Semen from blood – Development of child- male provides control and shape of matter and matter or substance for the child provided by female • Romans and Birth Defects • • • • Pregnant woman eating salty foods- child with no nails Yawning during childbirth – stillborn Sneezing after copulation – abortion Smell of lamps being extinguisheing – malformed child • Greeks and Birth Defects • Abnormal babies due to copulation with animals • As a result during Middle Ages women burned at the stake for giving birth to a malformed child. Ancient Theories of Heredity • Heredity control by male. Semen determines heredity. • Pangenesis---Particles from parts of body of both parents transported to reproductive system where at conception they fuse • Preformation - Homunculus – Spermists and Ovists Preformed person in miniature in the sperm or egg. Grows and develops in female. • Epigenesis-Differentiation as growth occurs Heredity factors contributed by both parents that determine the progeny. • Kleb's Concept All the observable traits of an organism are the direct result of many internal activities which are, in turn, controlled by heredity and influenced by the environment.