* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 11-2Probability and PunneTt Squares
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism containment and escape wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified food wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Life history theory wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses. Probability- the likelihood that something is going to happen. In genetics expressed as a ratio or percentage. Ex: the probability that it will snow in March is 50:50 Punnett Squares- A tool used to determine the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross A capital letter is used to represent the dominant allele A lower case letter is used to represent the recessive allele. The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses This Punnett square shows the probability of each possible outcome of a cross between hybrid tall (Tt) pea plants. Homozygous- Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait organisms are true-breeding for a particular trait. Two alleles for black fur Heterozygous- Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait organisms are hybrid for a particular trait. One allele for black fur and one allele for white fur Genotype- genetic make up of the organism Ex: genes for black fur and white fur Ex: Tall (T) allele and short (t) allele Phenotype- the physical characteristics or what the organisms looks like. Ex: the mouse has black fur. Ex: all plants appear tall The plants have different genotypes (TT and Tt), but they have the same phenotype (tall). Genotypic Ratios 25% or 1:3 (TT to Tt or tt) likelihood the offspring will be TT 50% or 2:2 likelihood the offspring will be Tt 25% or 1:3 likelihood the offspring will be tt Phenotypic Ratios 75% or 3:1 (tall to short) likelihood the offspring will appear Tall 25% or 1:3 likelihood the offspring will appear short In the F2 generation; the ratio of tall plants (TT or Tt) to short (tt) plants is 3:1. The predicted ratio showed up in Mendel’s experiments indicating that segregation of gametes did occur. Probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events. Probability cannot predict the exact outcome of an individual event In genetics, the larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will get to the expected values.