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Transcript
Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds • Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others). Organic Compounds • Carbon based molecules Organic Compounds • Make up most of living organisms • Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds Can bond to 4 H Carbon can form various bonds • Single bond (ethane) • C-C • Double bond (ethene) • C=C • Triple bond (ethyne) Organic Compounds • Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings • Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers) Ring structured Functional Groups • Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds. • These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. • Elements include: H, O, S, N & P Functional Groups Hydroxyl group • -OH • Found in alcohols • E.g. Ethanol • Polar Functional Groups Carboxyl group • -COOH • Found in acids • Polar E.g. Vinegar - acetic acid CH3COOH Functional Groups Amino group • -NH2 • Found in bases • E.g. Ammonia Functional Groups Sulfhydryl group • -SH • Often referred to as a thiol group • Found in Rubber - Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell. Functional Groups Phosphate group • -PO4 • Found in ATP Functional Groups Carbonyl group • If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde • If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone Functional Groups Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes • -COH • E.g. Formaldehyde Functional Groups Carbonyl group #2 The Ketones • -CO• E.g. acetone Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • What functional groups are in this molecule? Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups Amino group Carbonyl group (Ketone) Carboxyl group Sulfhydryl group Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Anabolic Reactions Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction) • The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O). • Energy absorbed Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Catabolic Reactions Hydrolysis Reactions • A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. • A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another • Energy released Enzymes • Enzymes are biological catalysts. • They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction. • They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions. Enzyme Action Example: Isomers • Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure. • Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers. Isomers • Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties. • E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway. End Part I Get ready for Carbohydrates! Carbohydrates • Main energy source for living things • Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities • Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches Carbohydrates • The most common organic material on Earth. • The general formula is C : H : O •Count the # of each atom in the molecule shown here: • In a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 What are the functional groups on carbohydrates? • What are the functional groups on carbohydrates? Their functional groups include: 1. Carbonyl group (an aldehyde or ketone) 2. Hydroxyl groups Carbohydrates • There are 3 major classes: - Monosaccharide, - Oligosaccharide and - Polysaccharide Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek) The names of carbohydrates end in “ose”. Carbohydrates • Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides • Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons are linear in the dry state but form rings when dissolved in water. Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • It is the main source of energy in the body • Eg. glucose – most common galactose – milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar Carbohydrates • Oligosaccharides are sugars containing 2 or 3 simple sugars attached to one another by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages. • Recognize the dehydration reaction? Examples of Disaccharides Examples of Disaccharides • Sucrose = glucose + fructose Table sugar • Maltose = glucose + glucose Sugar in beer • Lactose = glucose + galactose Sugar in milk Carbohydrates • Large molecules of many monosaccharide are called polysaccharides • Also known as complex carbohydrates. Examples: • glycogen – animals use it to store excess sugar • starch – plants use to it store excess sugar • cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength • Chitin – exoskeleton & fungi Polysaccharide: many sugars • Some polysaccharides are straight, others are branched. Starch • A storage molecule for plants. • It is made of 2 polysaccharides: – Amylose – Amylopectin The chains form tight coils which make them insoluble in water. Cellulose • Cellulose molecules are not coiled or branched. • The chains form cross-linkages between each other. • The fibers intertwine to form microfibrils. • Used to build cell walls. Chitin • Exoskeleton of insects & crabs • The cell wall of fungi • Chitin has uses in medicine: – Contact lenses – Biodegradable suture thread Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • Cellulose P Chitin P Glucose M Glycogen M Sucrose D Starch P Lipids • Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer • Ex: Fats, oils, waxes • Won’t dissolve in water Lipids • Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings • Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers Lipids • Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids – If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is saturated – Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room temperature) – If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated – Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil room temperature) (usually liquid at Proteins • Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen • Formed from amino acids joined together • More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!) Proteins • Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape • Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape • Shape of protein is important to its function! Proteins • Provide structure – Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones • Aid chemical activities in your body – Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up rxns in your body • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help fight diseases Nucleic Acids • Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus • Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides nucleotide Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary information –Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)