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Transcript
#1 - Question What is the difference between a monomer and polymer? Give an example of each. #1 - Answer A monomer is a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer. A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. The most common monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen. Amino acids are monomers linked by peptide bonds to form polymers called polypeptides. #2 - Question What are the subunits of a triglyceride molecule? What is the bond called between the subunits? #2 - Answer saturated Three fatty acids (can be saturated or unsaturated) and a glycerol molecule. saturated unsaturated The fatty acids are bonded to the glycerol backbone by ester bonds. Glycerol Fatty acids #3 - Question What are the subunits of a nucleic acid? #3 - Answer Chains of Nucleotides: - Phosphate - Sugar - Nitrogenous base #4 - Question What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides? Give an example of each. #4 - Answer Monosaccharides, like glucose, fructose, and galactose are the building blocks of disaccharides (a “two-sugar” containing molecule) such as maltose, sucrose, lactose and polysaccharides, such as cellulose, starch and glycogen (“many-sugar” containing molecule). #5 - Question What is primary source of energy used by cells? #5 - Answer Carbohydrates i.e., glucose #6 - Question Describe what happens during a condensation synthesis reaction between two glucose molecules. What are the products of this reaction? #6 - Answer One glucose molecule is joined to another glucose molecule through an interaction of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. Water (H2O) is removed and maltose (a disaccharide) is formed. #7 - Question Describe what happens during a hydrolysis reaction for the disaccharide sucrose. What are the products of this reaction? What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? #7 - Answer The disaccharide sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose molecules by the addition of a water (H2O) molecule. The hydroxyl (-OH) groups are reformed. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme sucrase. #8 - Question Which macromolecule(s) is/are formed by a condensation synthesis reaction? #8 - Answer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins #9 - Question Which macromolecule(s) is/are broken down by a hydrolysis reaction? #9 - Answer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins #10 - Question What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule? Explain using the molecular formula of glucose as an example. #10 - Answer C:H:O1:2:1 Glucose C6H12O6 #11 - Question Which chemical formula represents a unsaturated acid? How do you know? a) C17H35COOH b)C17H33COOH What state will this lipid be at room temperature. Give a food example. #11 - Answer b) C17H33COOH; there is a double bond between one of the carbon molecules which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms. This lipid will be liquid at room temperature; for example – olive oil or vegetable oil C17H33COOH #12 - Question What are the subunits of a phospholipid? Where are phospholipids found in the cell? #12 - Answer Two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing group. Phospholipids are an important part of the cell membrane. Nitrogencontaining group #13 - Question Identify which parts of the phospholipid are hydrophilic and hydrophobic. #13 - Answer Polar Head hydrophilic (water-loving) Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) hydrophobic (water-hating) #14 - Question Identify (circle and label) all of the functional groups present in each molecule #14 - Answer Hydroxyl group Carbonyl - ketone Amine Carboxyl Carbonyl - aldehyde #15 - Question Name these subunits and the macromolecules they belong to. (A) (B) (C) (D) #15 – Answer Glucose Glycerol Amino acid Protein (A) Fatty acid Lipids (triglyceride or phospholipid (B) Lipids (triglyceride or phospholipid) (C) Carbohydrate (starch, cellulose, glycogen) (D) #16 - Question What type of reaction is shown here? What are the products? + H 2O #16 - Answer + Hydrolysis Reaction Dipeptide and water (H2O) H 2O #17 - Question What are the nitrogen bases called in a DNA molecule and how do they pair up? #17 - Answer Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine #18 - Question Match the nucleotides with the correct label b ) a) c) -Sugar -Phosphate -Nitrogen base #18 - Answer b ) a) c) c) Sugar a) Phosphate b) Nitrogen base #41 - Question Is the nitrogen base shown here a purine or a pyrimidine? Phosphate Sugar #41 - Answer Purine – double ring Pyrimidine – single ring Phosphate Phosphate Sugar Sugar #19 - Question If the blood is too acidic, this reaction moves to the left or to the right? H+ H+ H+ H 2O H+ H2CO3 (aq) CO2 carbonic acid H+ HCO3-(aq) bicarbonate ion H+ surplus hydrogen ion #19 - Question If blood too acidic ( H+), rxn moves left H+ H+ H+ H 2O H+ H2CO3 (aq) CO2 carbonic acid H+ HCO3-(aq) bicarbonate ion H+ surplus hydrogen ion #20 - Question If the blood is too basic, this reaction moves to the left or to the right? H+ H+ H+ H 2O H+ H2CO3 (aq) CO2 carbonic acid H+ HCO3-(aq) bicarbonate ion H+ surplus hydrogen ion #20 - Question If blood too basic ( H+), rxn moves right H+ H+ H+ H 2O H+ H2CO3 (aq) CO2 carbonic acid H+ HCO3-(aq) bicarbonate ion H+ surplus hydrogen ion #21 - Question Based on the nutrient test conducted, is sample E most likely to be steak, bread, or butter? Nutrient Test #21 - Answer Steak – sample E tested positive for protein and fat. #22 - Question Based on the nutrient test conducted, is sample G most likely to be table sugar, pasta, or lard? Nutrient Test #22 - Answer Table sugar – sample G tested negative for monosaccharides but may contain disaccharides like sucrose. #23 - Question Match the enzymes with their specific substrates. a) Protease b) Phosphatase c) Lipase d) Amylase e) Lactase f) Sucrase 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chicken Table sugar (sucrose) Triglyceride Starch Phosphate Milk #23 - Answer a) Protease b) Phosphatase c) Lipase d) Amylase e) Lactase f) Sucrase 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chicken Table sugar (sucrose) Triglyceride Starch Phosphate Milk #24 - Question Which of the foll0wing correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function? a) S + P E-P E +P b) E + P E-P E-S -> E + S c) E + P E-S E-P E + P d) E + S E-S E-P E + P e) E + S E-P E-S E + S Where: E = enzyme S = substrate P = product #24 - Answer a) S + P E-P E +P b) E + P E-P E-S -> E + S c) E + P E-S E-P E + P d) E + S E-S E-P E + P e) E + S E-P E-S E + S Enzyme + substrate forms an enzyme-substrate complex the substrate is converted to a product by the enzyme the product is released from the enzyme #25 - Question Which factor(s) denature enzymes? a) Cooking b) NaOH c) H+ ions d) All of the above #25 - Answer a)Cooking (high heat) b)NaOH (basic solution) c)H+ ions (acidic solution) d)All of the above #26 - Question You are testing a new inhibitor of catalase – sodium fluoride (liquid). This inhibitor is structurally different from hydrogen peroxide. Using the assay technique from the enzyme lab, you found that no reaction occurred when you incubated the enzyme with the substrate in the presence of the inhibitor. Is the inhibitor acting via competitive or noncompetitive inhibition? How do you know? #26 - Answer If the inhibitor is structurally different from hydrogen peroxide then it will not be competing with the substrate for a position on the enzyme’s active site. Therefore, the inhibitor is acting via non-competitive inhibition – specifically via allosteric inhibition. The inhibitor bound to the allosteric site which change the shape of the active site causing the enzyme to become deactivated and stop the reaction altogether, or cause a reduced affinity for the substrate (decreased attraction) and slow down the reaction. #27 - Question What is an example of an organic co-factor? #27 - Answer Coenzyme Active site NAD or FAD e.g., NAD Active site Prosthetic group (perm. attached) Enzyme Coenzyme (detaches) Prosthetic Group e.g., FAD Enzyme #28 - Question How does an enzyme affect activation energy? #28 - Answer Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy required to activate the reaction. #29 - Question Name two structures that can be identified on the HSL enzyme. #29 - Answer Beta-pleated sheets Alpha helices #30 - Question What is one difference and one similarity between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition? Normal enzyme reaction #30 - Answer Non-competitive Competitive #31 - Question What is one similarity and one difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport via the Na+/K+ pump? #31 - Answer Differences Similarities • Both move polar molecules across the membrane • Both use highly selective carrier proteins that bind to the molecules • Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP to move molecules across the membrane and the Na+/K+ pump does • Facilitated diffusion and the Na+/K+ pump move molecules from [high] to [low] and [low] to [high], respectively #32 - Question Describe the six steps of the Na+/K+ pump #32 - Answer #33 - Question How is direct diffusion and protein channel diffusion the same and different? #33 - Answer Differences Similarities • Direct diffusion is the movement • Both move molecules of non-polar molecules across down their the membrane, while protein concentration gradient channel diffusion is the from [high] to [low] movement of polar molecules • Both are passive through a hydrophilic protein processes channel that spans the membrane. #34 - Question How is protein channel and facilitated diffusion the same and different? #34 - Answer Differences • Protein channel diffusion is not as selective with respect to the type of molecules that pass through the channels. Facilitated diffusion via Similarities protein carriers involves the binding of specific • Both move polar molecules to protein carriers that are highly molecules down their specific (like enzymes are with their concentration gradient substrates) • The specific nature of facilitated diffusion is from [high] to [low] way for the cell to tightly regulate the entry or • Both are passive exit of certain molecules through the principle processes of saturation. When all protein carriers are occupied, the rate at which molecules can pass through is held constant (much like ticket holders entering a stadium through packed turn style gates) #35 - Question How is the Na+/K+ pump involved in helping to facilitate coupled transport? #35 - Answer #36 - Question How is endocytosis and exocytosis the same and different from other active + + processes (e.g., Na /K pump and coupled transport ? #36 - Answer Differences • Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large Similarities polar molecules in bulk amounts across the • Like the Na+/K+ pump and membrane coupled transport, • receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the use of a proteins to help move across the mombrane • Both are active processes • that require ATP Phagocytosis and pinocytosis do not use proteins to move molecules across the membrane, but instead involve the membrane enveloping around molecules or liquids to bring them in Endocytosis (all types) only bring in materials, while the Na+/K+ pump and coupled transport bring molecules in and out of the cell #37 - Question How is phagocytosis and pinocytosis the same and different? #37 - Answer Differences Similarities • Phagocytosis moves particles • Both involve the bulk into the cell (phagein = “to eat”), movement of molecules while pinosytosis moves liquid into the cells (pinein = “to drink”) • Both move bulk amounts of molecules into the cell #38 - Question What is the main difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? #38 - Answer Endycytosis moves molecules into the cell, while exocytosis moves molecules out of the cell. #39 - Question Explain the process of osmosis. #39 - Answer #40 - Question Explain how the movement of water will be affected in an animal cell under hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic conditions. #40 - Answer #42 - Question Explain how electronegativity is related to molecular polarity, and why this is important with respect to functional groups and macromolecules. #42 - Answer Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond (like a game of tug-of-war). The electronegative difference (ΔEN) between two atoms can be used to predict the bond type formed (e.g., <0.5 = non-polar covalent, 0.5-1.7 = polar-covalent, >1.7 = ionic). ΔEN = larger minus (-) smaller electronegative number e.g., oxygen(3.5) – hydrogen(2.1) = 1.4 (polar-covalent; oxygen δ-, hydrogen δ+) Functional groups are groups of polar molecules that are attached to macromolecules. They are involved in reactions to make or break macromolecules and help make them soluble in the aqueous environments of human body cells and the blood.