Download Biochemistry - Grade12BiologyCALC

#1 - Question
What is the difference
between a monomer
and polymer?
Give an example of each.
#1 - Answer
A monomer is a small molecule that may bind
chemically to other monomers to form a
polymer.
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule)
composed of repeating structural units
typically connected by covalent chemical
bonds.
The most common monomer is glucose, which
is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers
such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
Amino acids are monomers linked by
peptide bonds to form polymers called
polypeptides.
#2 - Question
What are the subunits of a
triglyceride molecule?
What is the bond called
between the subunits?
#2 - Answer
saturated
Three fatty acids (can be
saturated or unsaturated)
and a glycerol molecule.
saturated
unsaturated
The fatty acids are bonded
to the glycerol backbone
by ester bonds.
Glycerol
Fatty acids
#3 - Question
What are the subunits of a
nucleic acid?
#3 - Answer
Chains of Nucleotides:
- Phosphate
- Sugar
- Nitrogenous base
#4 - Question
What is the difference between
monosaccharides,
disaccharides and
polysaccharides?
Give an example of each.
#4 - Answer
Monosaccharides, like glucose,
fructose, and galactose are the
building blocks of disaccharides
(a “two-sugar” containing
molecule) such as maltose,
sucrose, lactose and
polysaccharides, such as
cellulose, starch and glycogen
(“many-sugar” containing
molecule).
#5 - Question
What is primary source of
energy used by cells?
#5 - Answer
Carbohydrates
i.e., glucose
#6 - Question
Describe what happens during a
condensation synthesis reaction
between two glucose molecules.
What are the products of this
reaction?
#6 - Answer
One glucose molecule is joined to another glucose
molecule through an interaction of the hydroxyl
(-OH) functional groups. Water (H2O) is removed and
maltose (a disaccharide) is formed.
#7 - Question
Describe what happens during a
hydrolysis reaction for the disaccharide
sucrose.
What are the products of this reaction?
What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
#7 - Answer
The disaccharide sucrose is
broken down into glucose
and fructose molecules
by the addition of a water
(H2O) molecule. The
hydroxyl (-OH) groups are
reformed. This reaction is
catalyzed by the enzyme
sucrase.
#8 - Question
Which macromolecule(s) is/are formed by
a condensation synthesis reaction?
#8 - Answer
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
#9 - Question
Which macromolecule(s) is/are broken
down by a hydrolysis reaction?
#9 - Answer
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
#10 - Question
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate
molecule?
Explain using the molecular formula of
glucose as an example.
#10 - Answer
C:H:O1:2:1
Glucose  C6H12O6
#11 - Question
Which chemical formula represents a
unsaturated acid? How do you know?
a) C17H35COOH
b)C17H33COOH
What state will this lipid be at room
temperature. Give a food example.
#11 - Answer
b) C17H33COOH; there is a double bond between one of the carbon
molecules which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms.
This lipid will be liquid at room temperature; for example – olive oil
or vegetable oil
C17H33COOH
#12 - Question
What are the subunits of a phospholipid?
Where are phospholipids found in the
cell?
#12 - Answer
Two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, a phosphate group and a nitrogen
containing group.
Phospholipids are an important part of the cell membrane.
Nitrogencontaining
group
#13 - Question
Identify which
parts of the
phospholipid
are hydrophilic
and
hydrophobic.
#13 - Answer
Polar Head
hydrophilic
(water-loving)
Non-Polar Tails
(fatty acids)
hydrophobic
(water-hating)
#14 - Question
Identify (circle and label) all of the functional groups
present in each molecule
#14 - Answer
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl - ketone
Amine
Carboxyl
Carbonyl - aldehyde
#15 - Question
Name these subunits and the macromolecules they
belong to.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
#15 – Answer
Glucose
Glycerol
Amino acid
Protein
(A)
Fatty acid
Lipids (triglyceride or
phospholipid
(B)
Lipids (triglyceride or
phospholipid)
(C)
Carbohydrate
(starch, cellulose,
glycogen)
(D)
#16 - Question
What type of
reaction is
shown here?
What are the
products?
+
H 2O
#16 - Answer
+
Hydrolysis
Reaction
Dipeptide and
water (H2O)
H 2O
#17 - Question
What are the nitrogen bases
called in a DNA molecule and
how do they pair up?
#17 - Answer




Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

Adenine must pair with
Thymine

Guanine must pair with
Cytosine
#18 - Question
Match the
nucleotides
with the
correct label
b
)
a)
c)
-Sugar
-Phosphate
-Nitrogen base
#18 - Answer
b
)
a)
c)
c) Sugar
a) Phosphate
b) Nitrogen base
#41 - Question
Is the
nitrogen base
shown here a
purine or a
pyrimidine?
Phosphate
Sugar
#41 - Answer
Purine – double ring
Pyrimidine – single ring
Phosphate
Phosphate
Sugar
Sugar
#19 - Question
If the blood is too acidic, this reaction moves
to the left or to the right?
H+
H+
H+
H 2O
H+
H2CO3 (aq)
CO2
carbonic
acid
H+
HCO3-(aq)
bicarbonate
ion
H+
surplus
hydrogen
ion
#19 - Question
If blood too acidic ( H+), rxn moves left
H+
H+
H+
H 2O
H+
H2CO3 (aq)
CO2
carbonic
acid
H+
HCO3-(aq)
bicarbonate
ion
H+
surplus
hydrogen
ion
#20 - Question
If the blood is too basic, this reaction moves
to the left or to the right?
H+
H+
H+
H 2O
H+
H2CO3 (aq)
CO2
carbonic
acid
H+
HCO3-(aq)
bicarbonate
ion
H+
surplus
hydrogen
ion
#20 - Question
If blood too basic ( H+), rxn moves right
H+
H+
H+
H 2O
H+
H2CO3 (aq)
CO2
carbonic
acid
H+
HCO3-(aq)
bicarbonate
ion
H+
surplus
hydrogen
ion
#21 - Question
Based on the
nutrient test
conducted, is
sample E most
likely to be
steak, bread, or
butter?
Nutrient Test
#21 - Answer
Steak – sample E
tested positive
for protein and
fat.
#22 - Question
Based on the
nutrient test
conducted, is
sample G most
likely to be table
sugar, pasta, or
lard?
Nutrient Test
#22 - Answer
Table sugar –
sample G tested
negative for
monosaccharides
but may contain
disaccharides like
sucrose.
#23 - Question
Match the enzymes with their specific
substrates.
a) Protease
b) Phosphatase
c) Lipase
d) Amylase
e) Lactase
f) Sucrase
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chicken
Table sugar (sucrose)
Triglyceride
Starch
Phosphate
Milk
#23 - Answer
a) Protease
b) Phosphatase
c) Lipase
d) Amylase
e) Lactase
f) Sucrase
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chicken
Table sugar (sucrose)
Triglyceride
Starch
Phosphate
Milk
#24 - Question
Which of the foll0wing correctly represents
the mechanism of enzyme function?
a) S + P  E-P  E +P
b) E + P  E-P  E-S -> E + S
c) E + P  E-S  E-P  E + P
d) E + S  E-S  E-P  E + P
e) E + S  E-P  E-S  E + S
Where:
E = enzyme
S = substrate
P = product
#24 - Answer
a) S + P  E-P  E +P
b) E + P  E-P  E-S -> E + S
c) E + P  E-S  E-P  E + P
d) E + S  E-S  E-P  E + P
e) E + S  E-P  E-S  E + S
Enzyme + substrate  forms an enzyme-substrate complex
 the substrate is converted to a product by the enzyme 
the product is released from the enzyme
#25 - Question
Which factor(s) denature enzymes?
a) Cooking
b) NaOH
c) H+ ions
d) All of the above
#25 - Answer
a)Cooking (high heat)
b)NaOH (basic solution)
c)H+ ions (acidic solution)
d)All of the above
#26 - Question
You are testing a new inhibitor of catalase – sodium
fluoride (liquid). This inhibitor is structurally different
from hydrogen peroxide. Using the assay technique
from the enzyme lab, you found that no reaction
occurred when you incubated the enzyme with the
substrate in the presence of the inhibitor.
Is the inhibitor acting via competitive or noncompetitive inhibition? How do you know?
#26 - Answer
If the inhibitor is structurally different from hydrogen peroxide
then it will not be competing with the substrate for a position on
the enzyme’s active site.
Therefore, the inhibitor is acting via non-competitive inhibition
– specifically via allosteric inhibition. The inhibitor bound to the
allosteric site which change the shape of the active site causing
the enzyme to become deactivated and stop the reaction
altogether, or cause a reduced affinity for the substrate
(decreased attraction) and slow down the reaction.
#27 - Question
What is an example of an
organic co-factor?
#27 - Answer
Coenzyme
Active
site
NAD or FAD
e.g., NAD
Active site
Prosthetic
group
(perm.
attached)
Enzyme
Coenzyme
(detaches)
Prosthetic Group
e.g., FAD
Enzyme
#28 - Question
How does an enzyme affect
activation energy?
#28 - Answer
Enzymes catalyze biochemical
reactions by lowering the
amount of energy required to
activate the reaction.
#29 - Question
Name two
structures
that can be
identified on
the HSL
enzyme.
#29 - Answer
Beta-pleated
sheets
Alpha helices
#30 - Question
What is one difference and one
similarity between competitive and
non-competitive enzyme inhibition?
Normal enzyme reaction
#30 - Answer
Non-competitive
Competitive
#31 - Question
What is one similarity and one
difference between facilitated
diffusion and active transport via
the Na+/K+ pump?
#31 - Answer
Differences
Similarities
• Both move polar
molecules across the
membrane
• Both use highly
selective carrier
proteins that bind to
the molecules
• Facilitated diffusion does not require
ATP to move molecules across the
membrane and the Na+/K+ pump does
• Facilitated diffusion and the Na+/K+
pump move molecules from [high] to
[low] and [low] to [high], respectively
#32 - Question
Describe the six steps of the Na+/K+ pump
#32 - Answer
#33 - Question
How is direct diffusion and protein
channel diffusion the same and
different?
#33 - Answer
Differences
Similarities
• Direct diffusion is the movement
• Both move molecules
of non-polar molecules across
down their
the membrane, while protein
concentration gradient
channel diffusion is the
from [high] to [low]
movement of polar molecules
• Both are passive
through a hydrophilic protein
processes
channel that spans the
membrane.
#34 - Question
How is protein channel and
facilitated diffusion the same and
different?
#34 - Answer Differences
• Protein channel diffusion is not as selective
with respect to the type of molecules that pass
through the channels. Facilitated diffusion via
Similarities
protein carriers involves the binding of specific
• Both move polar
molecules to protein carriers that are highly
molecules down their
specific (like enzymes are with their
concentration gradient
substrates)
• The specific nature of facilitated diffusion is
from [high] to [low]
way for the cell to tightly regulate the entry or
• Both are passive
exit of certain molecules through the principle
processes
of saturation. When all protein carriers are
occupied, the rate at which molecules can pass
through is held constant (much like ticket
holders entering a stadium through packed
turn style gates)
#35 - Question
How is the Na+/K+
pump involved in
helping to facilitate
coupled transport?
#35 - Answer
#36 - Question
How is endocytosis and
exocytosis the same and
different from other active
+
+
processes (e.g., Na /K pump
and coupled transport ?
#36 - Answer Differences
• Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large
Similarities
polar molecules in bulk amounts across the
• Like the Na+/K+ pump and membrane
coupled transport,
•
receptor-mediated
endocytosis involves the
use of a proteins to help
move across the
mombrane
• Both are active processes •
that require ATP
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis do not use
proteins to move molecules across the
membrane, but instead involve the membrane
enveloping around molecules or liquids to
bring them in
Endocytosis (all types) only bring in materials,
while the Na+/K+ pump and coupled transport
bring molecules in and out of the cell
#37 - Question
How is
phagocytosis
and pinocytosis
the same and
different?
#37 - Answer
Differences
Similarities
• Phagocytosis moves particles
• Both involve the bulk
into the cell (phagein = “to eat”),
movement of molecules
while pinosytosis moves liquid
into the cells (pinein = “to drink”)
• Both move bulk amounts
of molecules into the cell
#38 - Question
What is the
main difference
between
endocytosis and
exocytosis?
#38 - Answer
Endycytosis moves molecules into
the cell, while exocytosis moves
molecules out of the cell.
#39 - Question
Explain the process of osmosis.
#39 - Answer
#40 - Question
Explain how the movement of water
will be affected in an animal cell
under hypotonic, isotonic, and
hypertonic conditions.
#40 - Answer
#42 - Question
Explain how electronegativity is
related to molecular polarity, and
why this is important with respect to
functional groups and
macromolecules.
#42 - Answer
Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for
electrons in a covalent bond (like a game of tug-of-war). The
electronegative difference (ΔEN) between two atoms can be used to
predict the bond type formed (e.g., <0.5 = non-polar covalent, 0.5-1.7 =
polar-covalent, >1.7 = ionic).
ΔEN = larger minus (-) smaller electronegative number
e.g., oxygen(3.5) – hydrogen(2.1) = 1.4 (polar-covalent; oxygen δ-,
hydrogen δ+)
Functional groups are groups of polar molecules that are attached to
macromolecules. They are involved in reactions to make or break
macromolecules and help make them soluble in the aqueous
environments of human body cells and the blood.