* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Metabolism Review - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us
Survey
Document related concepts
Radical (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8, 9, & 10 Metabolism Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Respiration Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology The FIRST _____ Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed and transferred by NEVER created or destroyed Anabolic pathways → consume energy to build molecules release energy by breaking down molecules The measure of disorder or randomness (symbolized by S) entropy The SECOND _______ Law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE free energy (- Δ G) are ____________ exergonic endergonic exergonic Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE endergonic free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ endergonic exergonic Most enzymes belong to which group of macromolecules? proteins Molecules that speed up chemical catalysts reactions are called ____________ Energy associated with moving objects is called _______ kinetic energy Catabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules → release energy by breaking down molecules potential Chemical energy is a form of ___________ energy kinetic potential Reactions that release free energy exergonic are called ______________ exergonic endergonic negative The hydrolysis of ATP is a ________ ΔG reaction. Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things are called enzymes ____________ Reactions that absorb free energy endergonic are called ______________ exergonic endergonic Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE free energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous spontaneous nonspontaneous Region on an enzyme where regulatory Allosteric site molecules can bind = ______________ Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE nonspontaneous free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous The initial investment of energy for starting a chemical reaction is called Activation energy OR the _______________ Energy of activation The place on an enzyme where the active site substrate attaches = _____________ Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE spontaneous free energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous Which kinds of bonds hold the substrate to the active site of an enzyme? Weak interactions like hydrogen & ionic bonds Nonprotein “helpers” for catalytic activty cofactors are called ______________ If a cofactor is an organic molecule it coenzyme is called a ____________ Which kind of food molecules often act as coenzymes? vitamins A molecule that mimics a substrate, binds to the active site, and reduces the activity of an enzyme is called COMPETITIVE a(n) _______________ inhibitor. FEEDBACK In ___________ inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by the binding of its end product to one of the enzymes at the beginning of the pathway. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] NONCOMPETITIVE inhibitors slow down ______________ enzymatic reactions by binding to a site other than the active site and causing a change in the enzyme’s shape The change in the shape of the active site of an enzyme after the substrate attaches so that it binds more snugly INDUCED FIT is called _____________ Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b 1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape and charge) of the active site. In other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: c. Other molecules and the environment in which the enzyme acts can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity. Molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme. When the binding of one substrate molecule primes an enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily it is called COOPERATIVITY ______________ The arrow in the diagram is showing ACTIVATION ENERGY of this the _________________ reaction. The arrow in the diagram is showing CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (ΔG) of the ______________________ this reaction. When you did this lab to investigate the breakdown of H2O2 by catalase, what was the purpose of adding sulfuric acid? Acid denatures the catalase enzyme and stops the reaction Why does this graph level off after 4 minutes? Product does not increase any more because enzyme has run out of substrate Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Name the cell part that contains catalase to break down peroxide. peroxisome When hydrogen peroxide is broken down, what gas is produced? oxygen + Δ G because This reaction has a ___ the energy of the products is greater then the reactants - This reaction has a ___ Δ G because the energy of the products is less then the reactants How would adding an enzyme change the graph of this reaction? Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions but don’t change the energy of the products Cells manage their energy resources by using the energy from exergonic (-ΔG) reactions to drive endergonic (+ΔG) reactions in a process called Energy coupling ____________________ ADP + Pi → ATP + This is a __ ΔG reaction. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b.1. Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy) with those that decrease entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy). Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change. ADP + Pi → ATP + This is a __ ΔG reaction The energy required for this reaction burning organic molecules comes from __________________ like glucose during cellular respiration Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change. Cellular respiration uses glucose, which has a high level of free energy and releases CO2 and H2O which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? spontaneous Is it exergonic or endergonic? exergonic Organisms that can’t make their own food and must capture free energy from organic molecules made by other organisms are called ______________ Heterotrophs OR consumers If oxygen is present these organic molecules are metabolized by which process found in mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION If no oxygen is available these organic compounds are metabolized by which process found in the cytoplasm? FERMENTATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. b. Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. 2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen . Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~ Glycolysis ~ Fermentation Organisms that can capture free energy from the environment to make their own food are called ______________ Autotrophs OR producers Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from _______________ SUNLIGHT Chemosynthetic organisms capture energy from ______________ INORGANIC MOLECULES in their environment. Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. a. Autotrophs capture free energy from physical sources in the environment. 1. Photosynthetic organisms capture free energy present in sunlight. 2. Chemosynthetic organisms capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence of oxygen. How does the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane? The 2nd Law is the tendency toward randomness. Having equal concentrations on both sides of a membrane is more random than unequal concentrations. Diffusion from high concentration to low INCREASES THE ENTROPY as mandated by the 2nd law Living organisms take simpler substances and build them into more complicated systems, decreasing entropy, why does this NOT VIOLATE the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics ? 2nd Law of Thermodynamics refers to CLOSED systems. Living things are OPEN systems and constantly take in energy and materials from outside to maintain order and allow the decrease in entropy. Draw a diagram to show 2 ways (ALLOSTERIC) NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS work NON-COMPETITVE (ALLOSTERIC) INHIBITION Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G How does adding an enzyme change this graph? How does it change the ∆G of this reaction? Enzymes decrease activation energy needed to get a reaction started. NO CHANGE in overall ∆G of reaction. Energy of products and reactants stay the same. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY versus time showing the PRODUCTS and REACTANTS for a NEGATIVE ∆ G and a POSITIVE ∆G REACTION. How does the energy of reactants and products compare in these two kinds of reactions? Label these as: spontaneous or not? endergonic/exergonic? EXERGONIC REACTION ∆G < 0 Reaction is spontaneous Energy of reactants is greater than energy of products EXERGONIC REACTION ∆G > 0 Reaction is NOT spontaneous Energy of products is greater than energy of reactants Draw and label a picture of an enzyme showing its active and allosteric sites. Include a substrate molecule in your drawing. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape and charge) of the active site. In other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site. Add a competitive inhibitor to your diagram. How would this change the rate of this reaction? Adding a competitive inhibitor would decrease the reaction rate Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Learning Objective: LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] How would increasing substrate concentration change the rate of this reaction? Adding more substrate increases the chance of a substrate molecule interacting with the active site. Reaction rate would increase Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Learning Objective: LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] Image modified from: http://mgh-images.s3.amazonaws.com/9780073402659/1748-18-164PEI1.png What is the optimum pH for Enzyme 3? Approximately pH 9 Which enzyme do you think would be most active in the stomach? EXPLAIN WHY? Enzyme 1- optimum at acidic pH Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Why does this graph level out after 4 minutes? Enzyme has converted all substrate to products Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Describe what is happening at different points on this graph? A- At low substrate concentrations the rate of reaction is slow. Chances for enzyme and substrate to interact is low. As substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction increases because there is more substrate available to interact with enzyme up to a point. B- At a certain point, increasing substrate concentration has less and less effect on rate of reaction because the enzymes are becoming saturated and are working as fast as they can. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. At which temperature does enzyme A perform best? Approximately 37º C At which temperature does enzyme B perform best? Approximately 77º C Which of these is found in humans and which comes from a thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER Enzyme A = human Enzyme B = thermophilic bacteria Enzyme A has an optimum near human body temp and would be nonfunctional at higher temps where these bacteria are found. Enzyme B has an optimum that would allow it to function at higher temperatures Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Why does the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slow down at temperatures above 40°C? At higher temperatures enzymes denature and lose their ability to catalyze the reaction Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway pathway. ____________________ The enzyme cofactor that is part of B Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __ CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks __________ down hydrogen peroxide. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway pathway. ____________________ The enzyme cofactor that is part of B Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __ CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks __________ down hydrogen peroxide. Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a. Organisms have areas or compartments that perform a subset of functions related to energy and matter, and these parts contribute to the whole. [See also 2.A.2, 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a.1. At the cellular level, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and, for eukaryotes, the organelles contribute to the overall specialization and functioning of the cell. WATER LIGHT LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OXYGEN ATP NADPH CARBON DIOXIDE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (Calvin cycle) SUGAR ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: Thylakoid sac A = ______________ B = ______________ stroma granum (pl. grana) C = ______________ D = ________________ Thylkoid space (lumen) cytoplasm E = ________________ Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: A Where ETC proteins are located = ___ A Place where ATP synthase is embedded = ___ A Place where photosystems I & II are located = ___ H+ ions accumulate here during electron transport = D ___ Place where Calvin cycle B happens= ___ D Place water is split = ____ Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. EXPLAIN what happens when chlorophyll molecules are energized by sunlight Electrons in chlorophyll are excited and pass to the first protein in electron transport chain. EXPLAIN what happens to the energized electrons that jump to the ETC Electrons pass down the ETC in a series of redox reactions to PSI. The movement of electrons down the ETC provides the energy to do what? Movement of electrons down the ETC provides energy to pump H+ ions from stroma into the thylakoid space How are the energized electrons replaced? Splitting of water molecules provides replacement electrons and also releases H+ ions and oxygen into the thylakoid space. What happens to the oxygen released when water molecules are split? 2 oxygen atoms combine to make oxygen gas which is released to atmosphere What happens to the electrons that reach Photosystem I? They are energized a second time and jump to last protein in ETC. The last protein in ETC passes the electrons to which electron acceptor? The last electron acceptor, NADP+, is reduced to NADPH What happens to the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space as a result of the proton pumps in the ETC and water splitting? H+ ions move from an area of high concentration (thylakoid space) to an area of low concentration (stroma) H+ gradient provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Label molecules of the light dependent reactions. A = ___________________ PHOTOSYSTEM II Electron Transport Chain B = ___________________ C = ___________________ PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP Synthase D = ___________________ Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png http://nourishednutrition.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Starch-glucose.jpg MAKE A CONNECTION “Candy Corn” is a variety of sweet corn enjoyed by many people. These corn plants have been modified by geneticists to produce corn that tastes sweeter than other varieties because Candy Corn cells lack an enzyme that other corn plants have. Use what you learned about macromolecules and how plants store their glucose for later. What do you think is the function of this missing enzyme in other corn plants? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Image by: Riedell Plants store their sugar as starch. The enzyme that converts glucose into starch is missing in “Candy corn” Sugar stays in corn and is not converted to starch so it tastes sweet instead of starchy. X Essential Knowledge: 4.A.1. a. 4. Carbohydrates are composed of sugar monomers whose structures and bonding with each other by dehydration synthesis determine the properties and functions of the molecules. Illustrative examples include: cellulose versus starch. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains. Name this molecule that is the main photosynthetic pigment in green plants . chlorophyll Where would you find these light collecting molecules in chloroplasts? In Photosystems II and I in the thylakoid membrane Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d 1. During photosynthesis, chlorophylls absorb free energy from light, boosting electrons to a higher energy level in Photosystems and Photosystem II. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Which high energy compounds are produced during the light dependent reactions and used in the Calvin cycle to produce glucose? ATP and NADPH Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Nimation from: http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_an.html During ATP production in the light dependent reactions, the movement H+ ions down their concentration of ____ ATP synthase gradient through ____________ provides the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP making ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png MAKE A CONNECTION The light dependent reactions are the result of several types of transport you learned about. EXPLAIN the types of transport involved in a creating H+ gradient and using this gradient to make ATP. SEE ANIMATION ETC proteins act as “PROTON PUMPS” using the energy from moving electrons to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space which creating a H+ gradient. H+ ions move from an area of high concentration to low through and ION CHANNEL (ATP Synthase) which provides the energy to make ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains. Which ion moves across the membrane to power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a phosphate to ADP? H+ (Hydrogen ion) Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle? Carbon dioxide Which gas that we need is given off during photosynthesis? oxygen Where do H+ ions build up as water is broken down and the light dependent reactions are happening? Thylakoid space Where to does the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent phase end up? It is used by the Calvin cycle to make sugar Which molecule is split to provide the H+ to make NADPH? H2O Which molecule spins as H+ ions pass through to the other side of the membrane? ATP synthase Tell which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in this reaction Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced Krebs cycle is also called the Citric acid ______________ cycle What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy How many carbons are in pyruvic acid? 3 Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons from acetyl CoA Citric acid (citrate) What happens to Coenzyme A after acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons into the Krebs cycle? Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons from pyruvate Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~Krebs cycle Which pathway generates the most energy from glucose? FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration Where does glycolysis take place? cytoplasm ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: E Outer membrane A = ______________ Intermembrane space B = ______________ inner membrane C = ______________ D = ________________ matrix cytoplasm E = ________________ (cristae) Give the chemical equation for Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ After glycolysis, which pathway will pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present? It will enter the Krebs cycle Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis #1 = _____________ Krebs cycle #2 = _____________ #3 = _____________ Electron transport chain Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~ Krebs cycle ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ~ Glycolysis True or False Only animal cells have mitochondria False; both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6 Give the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ How many ATP’s are required to get glycolysis started? 2 ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2: b.2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. After glycolysis, what determines which pathway pyruvic acid will follow? Presence or absence of oxygen Name the two kinds of fermentation Lactic acid and alcoholic Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~Krebs cycle ~ Glycolysis ~ Fermentation What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis? Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Beta oxidation During ______________ fats can be broken down into 2 carbon units that enter the Krebs cycle to be burned for energy instead of glucose. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] ~ Krebs cycle ~ Glycolysis Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b.1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. How is pyruvate different from pyruvic acid? Both are forms of same molecule Pyruvate is pyruvic acid that has lost an H. Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: D Where Krebs cycle happens = ___ C Where is the Electron Transport Chain found = ___ H+ ions accumulate here B during electron transport = ___ Place where glycolysis E happens= ___ Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Which electron carrier produces the most ATP… NADH or FADH2? Each NADH makes 3 ATP Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP WHY? NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. Name the 3 carbon molecule produced during glycolysis Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Type of fermentation used to make yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi, buttermilk, etc. Lactic acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of fermentation produces Lactic acid _____________ The energy produced by electrons passing down the Electron Transport chain are used to pump which ion into the intermembrane space? H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle? Citric acid is the first compound formed during the Krebs cycle Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC during cellular respiration? OXYGEN Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC during photosynthesis? NADP+ Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+. Name this molecule Adenosine triphosphate http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Which kind of fermentation puts the air holes in bread? Alcoholic fermentation releases CO2 bubbles which pop and leave holes in the bread What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain during cellular respiration? oxygen If alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise, why don’t we get intoxicated from eating the bread? Alcohol evaporates during cooking During short term exercise muscle cells are using which pathway to provide energy? Lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration lactic acid fermentation What happens to the CO2 produced when pyruvic acid is broken down? It is released into the atmosphere What is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing the Krebs cycle? 4 NADH 1 ATP __ __ 1 FADH __ __ 6 CO2 2 Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+. The generation of ATP from a proton gradient that occurs in all living things is chemiosmosis called _________________ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate Organisms that can use either fermentation or cellular respiration are called ________________ Facultative anaerobes Where are cytochromes found? Part of electron transport chain Image from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif How do prokaryotes do cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria? ETC proteins are in plasma membrane; infolding to make pockets creates places to make H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane. How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway; High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not needed) Using a proton gradient created by electron transport chain to make ATP OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = __________________________ MITOCHONDRION Using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient SUBSTRATE LEVEL = __________________ PHOSPHORYLATION Image from: http://www.drcruzan.com/Images/Biology/CellularRespiration/KrebsCycle.png During the Krebs cycle some ADP is directly phosphorylated to make ATP without a proton gradient is called SUBSTRATE LEVEL _______________ PHOSPHORYLATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Alcohol (Ethyl) Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Where will the NADH produced in this reaction go next if oxygen is present? To electron transport chain in mitochondria Where will the pyruvic acid go next if oxygen is present? Into mitochondrial matrix and into Krebs cycle Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2] Where does this reaction happen? In the cytoplasm Where will the pyruvic acid go next if oxygen is NOT present? Stays in cytoplasm and undergoes fermentation Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b. 2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. What happens to the CO2 produced in this reaction? Released into atmosphere Acetyl-CoA will join next with a 4 carbon molecule to make __________ Citric acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Where will the citric acid that is produced here go next? Cycle through the Krebs cycle What will happen to the CARBONS from pyruvate that are fed into the Krebs cycle? Intermediates are broken down; carbons are released into atmosphere as CO2; a little ATP is made; electrons are passed to coenzyme carriers (NADH & FADH2) Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Where does the NADH & FADH2 produced here go next? to the Electron transport chain Where does the ATP produced here go? Used by cell for cellular activities Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f..4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. What reaction happens on the matrix side of the membrane when ATP synthase spins? A phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate Name the 6 carbon molecule formed in this reaction Citric acid What happens to the Coenzyme A after dropping off its 2 carbons? Recycles back and picks up 2 more carbons from next pyruvic acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Name the 4 products of the Krebs cycle CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. O2 Which molecule acts as the last electron acceptor during cellular respiration to make water? Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move t toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. Draw a chloroplast Label all the places & spaces. Mark the locations of ETC and Calvin Cycle. Show where H+ ions build up during ETC. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Draw a chloroplast DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the thylakoid membrane involved in the light reactions and label them. Add H+ ions to show where H+ ions build up during the light reaction. Tell 2 things that happen to create the H+ gradient. DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the thylakoid membrane involved in the light reactions and label them. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ accumulate in the thylkoid space due to : 1. Splitting water to replace electrons in chlorophyll 2. ETC (proton pumps) move H+ from stroma into thylakoid space Draw a mitochondrion. Label all the places & spaces. Mark the locations of glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and ETC. Show where H+ ions build up during ETC. Add some mitochondrial DNA. Draw a picture to explain why NADH makes more ATP than FADH2 when electrons are passed to the ETC during cellular respiration. Image from: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Electron_Transport_Mitochondrion.png NADH drops its electrons at beginning of ETC so as electrons pass down ETC 3 proton pumps move H+ ions into the intermembrane space = 3 ATP when they return through ATP synthase. FADH2 drops its electrons farther down ETC skipping the 1st proton pump so less H+ moved = 2 ATP Image from: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Electron_Transport_Mitochondrion.png